Hydrocarbon-producing genes and methods of their use

ABSTRACT

The invention provides isolated nucleic acids and isolated polypeptides involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. Homologs of, conservative variants of, and sequences having at least about 35% sequence identity with nucleic acids involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates are also provided. The invention further provides methods for producing an aliphatic ketone or a hydrocarbon, as well as a method for identifying an enzyme useful for the production of hydrocarbons.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/931,370, filed May 22, 2007, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/931,939, filed May 25, 2007, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/951,944, filed Jul. 25, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/974,810, filed Sep. 24, 2007, which are incorporated by reference.

INCORPORATION BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

Incorporated by reference in its entirety herein is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: One 1,359,078 Byte ASCII (Text) file named “702724_ST25.TXT,” created on May 20, 2008.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Developments in technology have been accompanied by an increased reliance on fuel sources, and such fuel sources are becoming increasingly limited and difficult to acquire. With the burning of fossil fuels taking place at an unprecedented rate, it is likely that the world's fuel demand will soon outweigh the current fuel supplies.

The majority of fuel sources currently produced are from petroleum sources or from the chemical processing of vegetable oils. Petroleum sources face a number of problems: they are non-renewable resources, they require an extensive period of time (years) to form, and formation is restricted to distinct locations. As petroleum is consumed as a source of energy, geological petroleum resources eventually will be depleted.

As a result, efforts have been directed toward harnessing sources of renewable energy, such as sunlight, water, wind, and biomass. The use of biomasses to produce new sources of fuel which are not derived from petroleum sources (i.e., biofuel) has emerged as one alternative option. Biofuel (e.g., biodiesel) is a biodegradable combustible fuel made of long chain alkanes and esters. Biodiesel can be used in most internal combustion diesel engines in either a pure form, which is referred to as “neat” biodiesel, or as a mixture in any concentration with regular petroleum diesel.

In theory, biofuel can be produced from any biological carbon source. The most common biological carbon source, by far, is photosynthetic plants that capture solar energy. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used to manufacture biofuels. One of the greatest technical challenges is to develop ways to convert biomass energy specifically to liquid fuels for transportation. A commonly used strategy to produce biofuel is to grow sugar crops (e.g., sugar cane or sugar beet) or starch crops (e.g., corn or maize) and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethanol (i.e., ethyl alcohol). Another commonly used strategy to produce biofuel is to grow plants that naturally produce oils, such as oil palm, soybean, or jatropha. An alternative source of naturally produced oil is from organisms, such as algae. When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine. Alternatively, the oils can be chemically processed to produce fuels, such as biodiesel. Current methods of making biodiesel involve transesterification of triacylglycerides (e.g., vegetable oil or animal fat) which leads to a mixture of fatty esters and the unwanted side product glycerin. This results in a product that is heterogeneous and a waste product that leads to economic inefficiencies.

Vegetable oils remain an attractive alternative to fossil fuels because they are renewable resources. However, vegetable oils are an important part of the food chain. It is unlikely that sufficient crops can be grown to meet the needs for both food and industrial chemicals, such as fuels and polymers. In addition, oil-producing plants can be restricted by the environmental conditions in which they flourish. Furthermore, vegetable oils are not hydrocarbons (e.g., alkanes or alkenes). Rather, vegetable oils are primarily triglycerides, which contain oxygen molecules, that when burned in a combustion engine will coke up the engine.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to enable the production of fuels from alternative sources in order to provide an improved method of producing biofuels. The invention provides nucleic acid sequences that encode polypeptides that are involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. In addition, the invention provides methods of using the same for the production of biofuels. The invention described herein overcomes the problems associated with limited, non-renewable hydrocarbon resources and provides improved methods that can be used to produce biofuels. These and other advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising an OleA, OleB, OleC, or OleD amino acid motif sequence.

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (b) a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (c) a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity with an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence.

The invention provides a method for producing an aliphatic ketone comprising incubating a substrate with OleA, under conditions sufficient for producing an aliphatic ketone. The invention also provides a method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising incubating a substrate with OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, OleD, or a combination thereof under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon.

The invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence encoding OleA, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.

The invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence encoding OleC, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.

The invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence encoding OleD, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having the same biological activity as a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence encoding OleA, OleC, or OleD.

The invention further provides a genetically engineered organism comprising an exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of an organism upstream of a genomic nucleic acid sequence that (a) has at least about 35% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence encoding OleA, OleB, OleC, or OleD and (b) encodes a polypeptide.

The invention provides a genetically engineered organism prepared by (a) providing an organism having a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity to OleC or OleD and (b) deleting or mutating the nucleic acid sequence.

The invention also provides a method for identifying an enzyme useful for the production of hydrocarbons comprising transforming a cell comprising polypeptides selected from the group consisting of (a) OleA and OleD, (b) OleA and OleC, and (c) OleC and OleD with a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme suspected of having the ability to produce hydrocarbons; and determining whether the cell produces hydrocarbons, wherein the existence of hydrocarbon production by the cell indicates that the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide useful for the production of hydrocarbons.

The invention provides for a hydrocarbon having a δ¹³C of about −28 or greater. The invention also provides for a hydrocarbon having a pMC of at least about 50.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a total ion chromatogram of hydrocarbons extracted from E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE producing proteins OleA (SEQ ID NO: 2), OleC (SEQ ID NO: 6), and OleD (SEQ ID NO: 8).

FIGS. 2A-2J are a series often MS spectra for the hydrocarbons shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2A shows the MS spectra data for C27 triene. FIG. 2B shows the MS spectra data for C27 diene. FIG. 2C shows the MS spectra data for C27 monoene. FIG. 2D shows the MS spectra data for C28 diene. FIG. 2E shows the MS spectra data for C29 triene. FIG. 2F shows the MS spectra data for C29 diene. FIG. 2G shows the MS spectra data for C29 monoene. FIG. 2H shows the MS spectra data for C30 diene. FIG. 2I shows the MS spectra data for C31 triene. FIG. 2J shows the MS spectra data for C31 diene.

FIG. 3 is a total ion chromatogram of hydrocarbons extracted from S. maltophilia.

FIGS. 4A-4E are a series of total ion chromatograms from methanol:hexane extractions of various Stenotrophomonas maltophilia cultures. FIG. 4A shows olefins detected in the extract from wild type S. maltophilia ATCC 17679. FIG. 4B shows that no major peaks were detected in the extract from S. maltophilia ΔoleA strain (deletion of oleA). FIG. 4C shows olefins detected in the extract from wild type S. maltophilia ATCC 17679. FIG. 4D shows aliphatic ketones detected in the extracts from S. maltophilia ΔoleC (deletion of oleC). FIG. 4E shows the aliphatic ketones detected in the extracts from S. maltophilia ΔoleD (deletion of oleD).

FIGS. 5A-5C are a series of total ion chromatograms of aliphatic ketones extracted from E. coli C41(DE3) producing protein OleA (SEQ ID NO: 2). FIG. 5A shows aliphatic ketones extracted from E. coli C41(DE3) producing protein OleA (SEQ ID NO: 2).

FIG. 5B shows the extract of FIG. 5A overlayed with 16-hentriacontone (saturated C31 ketone). FIG. 5C shows the extract of FIG. 5A overlayed with 14-heptacosanone (saturated C27 ketone).

FIGS. 6A-6H are a series of MS spectra for each aliphatic ketone shown in FIG. 5A. FIG. 6A shows a C27:2 ketone (with two unsaturated bonds). FIG. 6B shows a C27:1 ketone (with one double bond). FIG. 6C shows a C27 ketone (saturated). FIG. 6D shows a C29:2 ketone (with two unsaturated bonds). FIG. 6E shows a C29:1 ketone (with one double bond). FIG. 6F shows a C29 ketone (saturated). FIG. 6G shows a C31:2 ketone (with two unsaturated bonds). FIG. 6H shows C31:1 ketone (with one double bond).

FIGS. 7A-7C demonstrate that aliphatic ketones are detected in an in vitro assay combining lysate from E. coli cells expressing oleA (SEQ ID NO: 1) with acyl-CoA substrates. FIG. 7A is a total ion chromatogram from an extract of a sample containing OleA-lysate with a myristoyl-CoA substrate. FIG. 7B is a total ion chromatogram from the control extract containing OleA-lysate with no added myristoyl-CoA substrate. FIG. 7C is a graph comparing the amount of ketone found in each of the samples. The y-axis represents the area under the curve and the x-axis represents the indicated aliphatic ketones. The hatched bars represent the sample with OleA-cell extract only and the black bars represent OleA-cell extract combined with myristoyl-CoA substrate.

FIGS. 8A and 8B depict GC/MS data of the extracts from an in vitro assay containing purified OleA protein, myristoyl-CoA substrate, and E. coli C41(DE3)-cell lysate. FIG. 8A is a total ion chromatogram that shows a peak eluting at the retention time of 13.95 minutes on the total ion chromatogram, indicating the presence of saturated C27 aliphatic ketone. FIG. 8B depicts the MS spectra for the C27 aliphatic ketone.

FIG. 9 is a graph of the area under the (C curve for aliphatic ketones that were detected in extracts from fermentations of E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE containing various vectors for the expression of oleA protein sequences. The black bars represent the amount of aliphatic ketone observed in extracts from a strain expressing a plasmid containing oleA based on the genome of Chloroflexus aggregans, the diagonal bars represent the amount of aliphatic ketone observed in extracts from a strain expressing a plasmid containing oleA based on the genome of Xanthomonas axonopods, the white bars represent the amount of aliphatic ketone observed in extracts from a strain expressing a plasmid containing the native nucleotide sequence encoding the OleA polypeptide from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17679, and the hatched bars represent the amount of aliphatic ketone observed in extracts from a strain expressing a plasmid containing a synthetic, codon optimized nucleotide sequence encoding the OleA polypeptide from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3 (S. maltophilia CO). S. maltophilia CO refers to the expression of a codon optimized synthetic DNA which encodes the amino acid sequence of OleA from S. maltophilia R551-3 (SEQ ID NO: 4).

FIG. 10 is a graph that shows the increase in aliphatic ketones production that resulted due to the expression of oled in the E. coli C41(DE3) strains with alterations in fadE, fadD, and/or tesA. The white bars represent C27 ketone, the hatched bars represent C29 ketone, and the black bars represent C31 ketone. A (−) sign indicates a knock out of the gene activity and a (+) sign indicates overexpression of the gene of interest.

FIG. 11 is a graph that shows the increase in olefin production that resulted due to the expression of oleA, oleC, and oleD in the E. coli C41(DE3) strains with alterations in fadE, fadD, and/or tesA. The white bars represent C27 olefin, the hatched bars represent C29 olefin, and the black bars represent C31 olefin. A (−) sign indicates a knock out of the gene activity and a (+) sign indicates overexpression of the gene of interest.

FIGS. 12A-12E are graphs that show the observation of tetradecanal, 14-heptacosanone, and isomers of heptacosene by GC/MS chromatography of the organic extract of the in vitro reactions with OleA and OleD enzymes combined with myristoyl coenzyme A. FIG. 12A is a total ion chromatogram of tetradecanal. FIG. 12B is a total ion chromatogram with 2 peaks denoting isomers of heptacosene. FIG. 12C is an MS spectrum of peak 1 from FIG. 12B. FIG. 12D is an MS spectrum of peak 2 from FIG. 12B. FIG. 12E is a total ion chromatogram of 14-heptacosanone.

FIGS. 13A-13C are a series of total ion chromatograms that depict the observation of tetradecanal, 14-heptacosanone, and isomers of heptacosene by GC/MS chromatography of the organic extract of two in vitro reactions of Ole enzymes combined with myristoyl coenzyme A. One reaction comprised OleA and OleD enzymes, and the other comprised OleA, OleD, and OleB enzymes. FIG. 13A is a total ion chromatogram of tetradecanal. FIG. 13B is a total ion chromatogram of 2 peaks denoting isomers of heptacosene. FIG. 13C is a total ion chromatogram of 14-heptacosanone. Arrows denote the reaction OleA+OleD+OleB and the reaction of OleA+OleD. The presence of OleB enhances the formation of tetradecanal and heptacosene and decreases the levels of 14-heptacosanone.

FIG. 14 is a total ion chromatogram that demonstrates that the yeast S. cerevisiae can produce functional OleA. FIG. 14 shows a total ion chromatogram of the extract of a reaction of cell lysate from S. cerevisiae pESC-HIS-OleA with the addition of myristoyl coenzyme A. Myristic acid, 14-heptacosanone, and the hexacosane control spike are observed.

FIGS. 15A-15H are a series of total ion chromatograms and MS spectra that demonstrate that deuterated aldehydes and olefins are observed in the organic extract of an in vitro assay containing purified OleA, cell lysate containing OleD, and deuterated NADPH. FIG. 15A is a total ion chromatogram of tetradecanal observed after the extraction of an in vitro reaction comprising OleA, cell lysate containing OleD, myristoyl coenzyme A, and R-(4-²H)NADPH. FIG. 15B is an MS spectrum of the tetradecanal from FIG. 15A. FIG. 15C is a total ion chromatogram of tetradecanal observed after the extraction of an in vitro reaction comprising OleA, cell lysate containing OleD, myristoyl coenzyme A, and S-(4-²H)NADPH. FIG. 15D is an MS spectrum of the tetradecanal from FIG. 15C. FIG. 15E is a total ion chromatogram of isomers of heptacosene formed by the reaction of OleA and cell lysate containing OleD with R-(4-²H)NADPH. FIG. 15F is an MS spectrum of the isomer of heptacosene from FIG. 15E. FIG. 15G is a total ion chromatogram of isomers of heptacosene observed after the extraction of an in vitro reaction comprising OleA, cell lysate containing OleD, myristoyl coenzyme A, and S-(4-²H)NADPH. FIG. 15H is an MS spectrum of the heptacosene from FIG. 15G.

FIGS. 16A-16C are a series of total ion chromatograms that demonstrate the ability to synthesize aliphatic olefins in vitro. FIG. 16A is a total ion chromatogram of the extract from a reaction performed with a cell lysate prepared from E. coli C41(DE3)ΔfadE strain with plasmids for the expression of oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD with myristoyl coenzyme A. The arrows indicate C27:1, C27:2, and C27:3 heptacosenes. FIG. 16B is a total ion chromatogram of the extract from a reaction performed with a cell lysate prepared from E. coli C41(DE3)ΔfadE strain with plasmids for the expression of oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD with the addition of myristoyl coenzyme A. The arrows indicate C27:1, C27:2, and C27:3 heptacosenes. FIG. 16C is a total ion chromatogram of the extract from a reaction performed with a cell lysate prepared from E. coli C41(DE3)ΔfadE strain with plasmids for the expression of oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD with the addition of myristoyl-ACP. The arrows indicate C27:1, C27:2, and C27:3 heptacosenes.

FIG. 17A-17J are a series of total ion chromatograms and MS spectra of selected ions for hydrocarbons extracted from fermentations of B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520_OleCDAB. FIG. 17A is a total ion chromatogram of the 25 carbon olefin having a parental ion of 350. FIG. 17B is a mass spectrum of the compounds that elute at retention time 3.092 minutes and is characteristic of a branched C25 monounsaturated olefin. FIG. 17C is a total ion chromatogram of the 26 carbon olefin having a parental ion of 364. FIG. 17D is the mass spectrum of the compounds that elute at retention time 3.390 minutes and is characteristic of a branched C26 monounsaturated olefin. FIG. 17E is a total ion chromatogram of the 27 carbon olefin having a parental ion of 378. FIG. 17F is a mass spectrum of the compounds that elute at retention time 3.567 minutes and is characteristic of a branched C27 monounsaturated olefin. FIG. 17G is a total ion chromatogram of the 28 carbon olefin having a parental ion of 392. FIG. 17H is a mass spectrum of compounds that elute at retention time 3.893 minutes and is characteristic of a branched C28 monounsaturated olefin. FIG. 17I is a total ion chromatogram of the 29 carbon olefin having a parental ion of 406. FIG. 17J is a mass spectrum of compounds that elute at retention time 4.013 minutes and is characteristic of a branched C29 monounsaturated olefin.

FIGS. 18A-18E are a series of total ion chromatograms and MS spectra of extracts from B. subtilis. FIG. 18A is a total ion chromatogram of aliphatic ketones extracted from B. subtilis IHA01; pHT01_OleA. FIG. 18B is a total ion chromatogram of the extract from B. subtilis IHA01; pHT01 that does not produce any aliphatic hydrocarbons. FIG. 18C is a mass spectrum of compounds that elute at retention time 3.584 and is characteristic of branched aliphatic C25 ketones. FIG. 18D is a mass spectrum of compounds that elute at retention time 4.036 and is characteristic of branched aliphatic C27 ketones. FIG. 18E is a mass spectrum of compounds that elute at retention time 4.485 and is characteristic of branched aliphatic C29 ketones.

FIGS. 19A-19B is a total ion chromatogram and mass spectra of extracts from Arthrobacter aurescens TC1. FIG. 19A is a total ion chromatogram of hydrocarbons extracted from Arthrobacter aurescens TC1. The three peaks indicate various branched versions of monounsaturated C29 olefin. FIG. 19B is a mass spectrum of compounds that elute at retention time 13.6 minutes and is characteristic of monounsaturated C29 olefin.

FIG. 20 is a diagram of proposed pathways for mycolic acid biosynthesis and olefin synthesis using OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD. X may be either CoA or ACP.

FIG. 21 is a diagram of a proposed pathway for long chain olefin production in a mycolic acid producing organisms expressing oleC and oleD.

FIG. 22 is a proposed pathway for long chain olefin production in a mycolic acid producing organisms expressing oleC.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of several genes encoding proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons. Organisms transformed with one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more of the proteins identified herein can be used to generate hydrocarbons, such as olefins, and hydrocarbon intermediates, such as aliphatic ketones. The terms “olefin” and “alkene” are used interchangeably herein. As described herein, these nucleic acid sequences have been identified as genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons. Thus, cells that have been transformed with one or more of these genes can be used as a source for the production of hydrocarbons, including olefins, and their precursors (e.g., aliphatic ketones). This discovery provides a source for hydrocarbons that can be used as a fuel in place of limited, non-renewable hydrocarbon resources (e.g., petroleum based fuels). In addition, it permits the production of a wide range of specific olefin and aliphatic ketone products designed for particular applications. By controlling the host organism and/or the reaction substrates (e.g., controlling for chain length, branching, saturation, and/or the location of double bonds), organisms can be created that produce a wide range of hydrocarbon products, including those having particular branches or points of unsaturation.

Four genes were identified in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that each encode a protein involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons, such as olefins, and hydrocarbon intermediates, such as aliphatic ketones. These four genes are referred to as oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD, and the proteins encoded by these genes are referred to as OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD, respectively. In addition, these genes have also been found in pair within other organisms. This pairing includes a fusion between oleB and oleC, herein referred to as oleBC, and the protein encoded by this gene is referred to as OleBC. Together, these five proteins represent a family of Ole proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. Individually, OleA refers to a family of proteins with OleA activity, OleB refers to a family of proteins with OleB activity, OleC refers to a family of proteins with OleC activity, OleBC refers to a family of proteins with OleBC activity, and OleD refers to a family of proteins with OleD activity. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that by using the information provided herein relating to the structure and function of the S. maltophilia ole gene sequences, other gene sequences encoding proteins having similar activity can be obtained.

Given these teachings, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that additional oleA, oleB, oleC, oleBC and oleD sequences can readily be cloned and used to make hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. Therefore, throughout this description, reference to Ole proteins should be understood to mean all proteins displaying activity similar to that of any of the Ole family proteins, including OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD. Similarly, reference to OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, or OleD should be understood to mean all proteins displaying the respective activity of each Ole protein, including, for example, all OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD proteins listed in Tables 1 and 2, as well as other Ole proteins that can be identified or engineered through various bioinformatic methods or molecular techniques, such as antibody binding, nucleic acid hybridization, PCR, and other suitable methods.

In addition, throughout this description reference to ole genes should be understood to mean all genes encoding proteins displaying activity similar to that of any of the Ole family proteins, including OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD. Similarly, reference to oleA, oleB, oleC, oleBC, or oleD should be understood to mean all genes encoding proteins displaying the respective activity of each Ole protein, including, for example, all OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD proteins listed in Tables 1 and 2, as well as other Ole proteins that can be identified or engineered through various bioinformatic methods or molecular techniques, such as antibody binding, nucleic acid hybridization, PCR, and other suitable methods.

The invention provides isolated nucleic acids encoding Ole proteins. The term “isolated” with respect to nucleic acids refers to the removal of a nucleic acid from its natural environment. Moreover, an “isolated nucleic acid” is meant to include nucleic acid fragments, which are not naturally occurring as fragments and would not be found in nature. The term “isolated” is also used herein to refer to polypeptides, which are isolated from other cellular proteins and is meant to encompass both purified and recombinant polypeptides. The term “isolated” as used herein also refers to a nucleic acid or peptide that is substantially free of cellular material, viral material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques. The term “isolated” as used herein also refers to a nucleic acid or peptide that is substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

The terms “nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid sequence” are intended to encompass a polymer of DNA or RNA (i.e., a polynucleotide), which can be single-stranded or double-stranded and which can contain non-natural or altered nucleotides. The terms should also be understood to include, as equivalents, analogs of either RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and, as applicable to the embodiment being described, single (sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides, ESTs, chromosomes, cDNAs, mRNAs, and rRNAs.

Tables 1 and 2 provide an exemplary list of Ole proteins. In Table 1, #/#* indicates that the organism contains two homologs with the respective identities. Organisms in bold either had proven gene activity or proven olefin production. The percent identity was determined as compared to the amino acid sequence of OleA, OleB, OleC, or OleD (as indicated in Tables 1 and 2) from S. maltophilia ATCC17679 as calculated by BLAST™ software set to default parameters. For instance, blastn (version 2.0) software can be used to determine sequence identity between two nucleic acid sequences using default parameters (expect=10, matrix=BLOSUM62, filter=DUST (Tatusov and Lipmann, unpublished data; and Hancock and Armstrong, Comput. Appl. Biosci., 10: 67-70 (1994)), gap existence cost=11, per residue gap cost=1, and lambda ratio=0.85). For comparison of two polypeptides, blastp (version 2.0) software can be used with default parameters (expect 10, filter=SEG (Wootton et al., Computers in Chemistry, 17: 149-163 (1993)), matrix=BLOSUM62, gap existence cost=11, per residue gap cost=1, lambda=0.85).

TABLE 1 Percent Organism Protein SEQ ID NO: Identity

 ATCC17679 OleA SEQ ID NO: 152 100

 R551-3 OleA SEQ ID NO: 150 99 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a OleA SEQ ID NO: 151 99 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 8004 OleA SEQ ID NO: 155 88 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. ATCC OleA SEQ ID NO: 157 88 33913 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. B100 OleA SEQ ID NO: 154 88 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85-10 OleA SEQ ID NO: 153 88

 pv. 

 str. 306 OleA SEQ ID NO: 158 87 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10331 OleA SEQ ID NO: 160 87 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae MAFF 311018 OleA SEQ ID NO: 156 87 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola BLS256 OleA SEQ ID NO: 159 87 Xylella fastidiosa Dixon OleA SEQ ID NO: 162 78 Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c OleA SEQ ID NO: 163 78 Xylella fastidiosa Ann-1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 478 78 Xylella fastidiosa M12 OleA SEQ ID NO: 161 78 Xylella fastidiosa M23 OleA SEQ ID NO: 229 78 Xylella fastidiasa Temecula1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 479 78

 SIR-1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 164 48

 DSM 9485 OleA SEQ ID NO: 165 45 Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 OleA SEQ ID NO: 224 45 Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl OleA SEQ ID NO: 166 44 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus OleA SEQ ID NO: 199 44 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis OleA SEQ ID NO: 189 44 NCPPB 382

 TC1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 168 44 Brevibacterium linens BL2 OleA SEQ ID NO: 204 43 Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 OleA SEQ ID NO: 217 42 Congregibacter litoralis KT71 OleA SEQ ID NO: 206 40

 SRS30216 OleA SEQ ID NO: 192 39

 NCTC 2665 OleA SEQ ID NO: 225 38 Geobacter uraniumreducens Rf4 OleA SEQ ID NO: 190 36 Pelobacter propionicus DSM 2379 OleA SEQ ID NO: 182 36 Opitutus terrae PB90-1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 203 36 Desulfotalea psychrophila LSv54 OleA SEQ ID NO: 174 36 Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem OleA SEQ ID NO: 212 35 Geobacter lovleyi SZ OleA SEQ ID NO: 211 35 Shewanella benthica KT99 OleA SEQ ID NO: 218 35 Shewanella loihica PV-4 OleA SEQ ID NO: 188 35 Photobacterium profundum SS9 OleA SEQ ID NO: 169 35 Shewanella baltica OS155 OleA SEQ ID NO: 186 35 Shewanella baltica OS185 OleA SEQ ID NO: 480 35 Shewanella baltica OS195 OleA SEQ ID NO: 197 35 Shewanella baltica OS223 OleA SEQ ID NO: 481 35 Shewanella sp. ANA-3 OleA SEQ ID NO: 181 34 Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3 OleA SEQ ID NO: 196 34 Shewanella amazonensis SB2B OleA SEQ ID NO: 183 34 Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400 OleA SEQ ID NO: 179 34 Shewanella woodyi ATCC 51908 OleA SEQ ID NO: 200 34 Photobacterium profundum 3TCK OleA SEQ ID NO: 208 34 Moritella sp. PE36 OleA SEQ ID NO: 215 34 Shewanella denitrificans OS217 OleA SEQ ID NO: 176 34 Psychromonas ingrahamii 37 OleA SEQ ID NO: 184 34 Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345 OleA SEQ ID NO: 195 34 Shewanella putrefaciens 200 OleA SEQ ID NO: 482 34 Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 OleA SEQ ID NO: 483 34 Shewanella sediminis HAW-EB3 OleA SEQ ID NO: 194 34 Shewanella sp. W3-18-1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 185 34 Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4 OleA SEQ ID NO: 198 34 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 172 34 Shewanella sp. MR-7 OleA SEQ ID NO: 178 34 Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H OleA SEQ ID NO: 175 34 Shewanella sp. MR-4 OleA SEQ ID NO: 177 34 Geobacter sp. FRC-32 OleA SEQ ID NO: 210 33 Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 OleA SEQ ID NO: 205 33 Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 OleA SEQ ID NO: 213 33 Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 OleA SEQ ID NO: 173 33 Lentisphaera araneosa HTCC2155 OleA SEQ ID NO: 214 33 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans DSM 684 OleA SEQ ID NO: 209 32 Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246 OleA SEQ ID NO: 223 30 Psychromonas sp. CNPT3 OleA SEQ ID NO: 207 30 Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 OleA SEQ ID NO: 170 29 Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2 OleA SEQ ID NO: 216 37 Arthrobacter sp. FB24 OleA SEQ ID NO: 167 27 Burkholderia oklahomensis C6786 OleA SEQ ID NO: 220 27 Burkholderia oklahomensis EO147 OleA SEQ ID NO: 219 27 Clostridium botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 OleA SEQ ID NO: 191 27 Clostridium botulinum A3 str. Loch Maree OleA SEQ ID NO: 202 27 Clostridium botulinum B1 str. Okra OleA SEQ ID NO: 201 27 Clostridium botulinum F str. Langeland OleA SEQ ID NO: 193 27 Maricaulis maris MCS10 OleA SEQ ID NO: 180 27 Streptomyces ambofaciens DSM40697 OleA SEQ ID NO: 171 27 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis OleA SEQ ID NO: 226 26 Clostridium botulinum Bf OleA SEQ ID NO: 222 26 Clostridium botulinum NCTC 2916 OleA SEQ ID NO: 221 26 Burkholderia pseudomallei 1106a OleA SEQ ID NO: 187 25 Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA 1090 OleA SEQ ID NO: 227 25

 ATCC17679 OleB SEQ ID NO: 302 100 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3 OleB SEQ ID NO: 300 98 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a OleB SEQ ID NO: 301 99 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 8004 OleB SEQ ID NO: 303 78 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris sir. ATCC OleB SEQ ID NO: 240 78 33913 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. B100 OleB SEQ ID NO: 236 78 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85-10 OleB SEQ ID NO: 253 80

 pv. 

 str. 306 OleB SEQ ID NO: 241 79 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10331 OleB SEQ ID NO: 251 78 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae MAFF 311018 OleB SEQ ID NO: 325 78 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola BLS256 OleB SEQ ID NO: 318 78 Xylella fastidiosa Dixon OleB SEQ ID NO: 287 72 Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c OleB SEQ ID NO: 239 72 Xylella fastidiosa Ann-1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 288 72 Xylella fastidiosa M12 OleB SEQ ID NO: 285 72 Xylella fastidiosa M23 OleB SEQ ID NO: 326 72 Xylella fastidiosa Temecula1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 243 72

 SIR-1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 314 52

 DSM 9485 OleB SEQ ID NO: 297 45 Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 OleB SEQ ID NOs: 323 46/36* and 324 Chloroflexus aurantiocus J-10-fl OleB SEQ ID NO: 282 45 Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 OleB SEQ ID NO: 316 31 Geobacter uraniumreducens Rf4 OleB SEQ ID NO: 274 53 Pelobacter propioncus DSM 2379 OleB SEQ ID NO: 265 51 Opitutus terrae PB90-1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 286 47 Desulfotalea psychrophila LSv54 OleB SEQ ID NO: 249 39 Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem OleB SEQ ID NO: 307 52 Geobacter lovleyi SZ OleB SEQ ID NO: 298 51 Shewanella benthica KT99 OleB SEQ ID NO: 317 56 Shewanella loihica PV-4 OleB SEQ ID NO: 272 53 Photobacterium profundum SS9 OleB SEQ ID NO: 250 54 Shewanella baltica OS155 OleB SEQ ID NO: 271 53 Shewanella baltica OS185 OleB SEQ ID NO: 275 53 Shewanella baltica OS195 OleB SEQ ID NO: 281 53 Shewanella baltica OS223 OleB SEQ ID NO: 308 53 Shewanella sp. ANA-3 OleB SEQ ID NO: 263 53 Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3 OleB SEQ ID NO: 280 42 Shewanella amazonensis SB2B OleB SEQ ID NO: 266 53 Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400 OleB SEQ ID NO: 262 53 Shewanella woodyi ATCC 51908 OleB SEQ ID NO: 284 54 Photobacterium profundum 3TCK OleB SEQ ID NO: 294 54 Moritella sp. PE36 OleB SEQ ID NO: 313 56 Shewanella denitrificans OS217 OleB SEQ ID NO: 257 54 Psychromonas ingrahamii 37 OleB SEQ ID NO: 267 54 Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345 OleB SEQ ID NO: 279 54 Shewanella putrefaciens 200 OleB SEQ ID NO: 306 52 Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 OleB SEQ ID NO: 273 52 Shewanella sediminis HAW-EB3 OleB SEQ ID NOs: 277 54/28* and 278 Shewanella sp. W3-18-1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 270 52 Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4 OleB SEQ ID NO: 283 54 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 242 53 Shewanella sp. MR-7 OleB SEQ ID NO: 261 53 Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H OleB SEQ ID NO: 252 55 Shewanella sp. MR-4 OleB SEQ ID NO: 260 53 Geobacter sp. FRC-32 OleB SEQ ID NO: 296 51 Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 OleB SEQ ID NO: 291 42 Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 OleB SEQ ID NO: 309 40 Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 244 36 Lentisphaera araneosa HTCC2155 OleB SEQ ID NO: 310 35 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans DSM 684 OleB SEQ ID NO: 295 52 Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246 OleB SEQ ID NO: 320 47 Psychromonas sp. CNPT3 OleB SEQ ID NO: 293 51 Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 OleB SEQ ID NO: 234 39 Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2 OleB SEQ ID NO: 315 43 Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 268 31 Marinobacter algicola DG893 OleB SEQ ID NOs: 311 30/31* and 312 Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396 OleB SEQ ID NO: 255 37 Jannaschia sp. CCS1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 256 34 Mycobacterium avium 104 OleB SEQ ID NO: 264 33 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis K-10 OleB SEQ ID NO: 245 33 Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5 OleB SEQ ID NO: 276 32 marine gamma proteobacterium HTCC2080 OleB SEQ ID NO: 299 32 Mycobacterium marinum M OleB SEQ ID NOs: 232 32 and 233 Mycobacterium tuberculosis C OleB SEQ ID NO: 289 32 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv OleB SEQ ID NO: 238 32 Mycobacterium tuberculosis str. Haarlem OleB SEQ ID NOs: 237 32 and 319 Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 OleB SEQ ID NO: 321 32 Burkholderia cenocepacia AU 1054 OleB SEQ ID NO: 258 31 Burkholderia cenocepacia PC184 OleB SEQ ID NO: 290 31 Burkholderia sp. 383 OleB SEQ ID NO: 254 31 Ralstonia pickettii 12J OleB SEQ ID NO: 304 31 Burkholderia ambifaria IOP40-10 OleB SEQ ID NO: 322 30 Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 OleB SEQ ID NO: 269 30 Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c OleB SEQ ID NO: 259 30 Rhodococcus rhodochrous OleB SEQ ID NO: 246 30 Rhodococcus sp. OleB SEQ ID NO: 230 30 Rhodococcus sp. TDTM0003 OleB SEQ ID NO: 247 30 Mycobacterium sp. GP1 OleB SEQ ID NO: 248 29 Microscilla marina ATCC 23134 OleB SEQ ID NO: 305 28 uncultured marine organism OleB SEQ ID NO: 235 27 Flavobacteriales bacterium HTCC2170 OleB SEQ ID NO: 292 26

 ATCC17679 OleC SEQ ID NO: 385 100 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3 OleC SEQ ID NO: 383 98 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a OleC SEQ ID NO: 384 96 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris sir. 8004 OleC SEQ ID NO: 399 77 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. ATCC OleC SEQ ID NO: 330 77 33913 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. B100 OleC SEQ ID NO: 335 77 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85-10 OleC SEQ ID NO: 348 77

 pv. 

 str. 306 OleC SEQ ID NO: 329 77 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10331 OleC SEQ ID NO: 332 75 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae MAFF 311018 OleC SEQ ID NO: 349 75 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola BLS256 OleC SEQ ID NO: 395 74 Xylella fastidiosa Dixon OleC SEQ ID NO: 373 73 Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c OleC SEQ ID NOs: 327 71 and 336 Xylella fastidiosa Ann-1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 374 71 Xylella fastidiosa M12 OleC SEQ ID NO: 400 71 Xylella fastidiosa M23 OleC SEQ ID NO: 401 71 Xylella fastidiosa Temecula1 OleC SEQ ID NOs: 331 71 and 340

 SIR-1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 392 48

 DSM 9485 OleC SEQ ID NO: 381 46 Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 OleC SEQ ID NO: 398 33 Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl OleC SEQ ID NO: 369 46 Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 OleC SEQ ID NO: 402 20 Geobacter uraniumreducens Rf4 OleC SEQ ID NO: 363 51 Pelobacter propionicus DSM 2379 OleC SEQ ID NO: 355 50 Opitutus terrae PB90-1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 372 43 Desulfotalea psychrophila LSv54 OleC SEQ ID NO: 344 41 Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem OleC SEQ ID NO: 387 51 Geobacter lovleyi SZ OleC SEQ ID NO: 382 50 Shewanella benthica KT99 OleC SEQ ID NO: 394 45 Shewanella loihica PV-4 OleC SEQ ID NO: 361 44 Photobacterium profundum SS9 OleC SEQ ID NOs: 328 43 and 346 Shewanella baltica OS155 OleC SEQ ID NO: 360 41 Shewanella baltica OS185 OleC SEQ ID NO: 364 41 Shewanella baltica OS195 OleC SEQ ID NO: 368 41 Shewanella baltica OS223 OleC SEQ ID NO: 388 41 Shewanella sp. ANA-3 OleC SEQ ID NO: 354 50 Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3 OleC SEQ ID NO: 367 46 Shewanella amazonensis SB2B OleC SEQ ID NO: 356 45 Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400 OleC SEQ ID NO: 353 44 Shewanella woodyi ATCC 51908 OleC SEQ ID NO: 371 44 Photobacterium profundum 3TCK OleC SEQ ID NO: 378 43 Moritella sp. PE36 OleC SEQ ID NO: 391 42 Shewanella denitrificans OS217 OleC SEQ ID NO: 350 42 Psychromonas ingrahamii 37 OleC SEQ ID NO: 357 41 Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345 OleC SEQ ID NO: 366 41 Shewanella putrefaciens 200 OleC SEQ ID NO: 386 41 Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 OleC SEQ ID NO: 362 41 Shewanella sediminis HSW-EB3 OleC SEQ ID NO: 365 41 Shewanella sp. W3-18-1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 359 41 Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4 OleC SEQ ID NO: 370 40 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 339 40 Shewanella sp. MR-7 OleC SEQ ID NO: 352 40 Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H OleC SEQ ID NO: 347 39 Shewanella sp. MR-4 OleC SEQ ID NO: 351 39 Geobacter sp. FRC-32 OleC SEQ ID NO: 380 50 Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 OleC SEQ ID NO: 376 44 Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 OleC SEQ ID NO: 389 44 Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 341 41 Lentisphaera araneosa HTCC2155 OleC SEQ ID NO: 390 39 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans DSM 684 OleC SEQ ID NO: 379 48 Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246 OleC SEQ ID NOs: 396 50/50* and 397 Psychromonas sp. CNPT3 OleC SEQ ID NO: 377 39 Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 OleC SEQ ID NO: 333 36 Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2 OleC SEQ ID NO: 393 41 Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 358 34 Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152 OleC SEQ ID NO: 345 43 uncultured marine organism OleC SEQ ID NO: 334 31 Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 OleC SEQ ID NO: 343 28 Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TTO1 OleC SEQ ID NO: 342 28 Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM OleC SEQ ID NO: 375 26

 ATCC17679 OleD SEQ ID NO: 456 100 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3 OleD SEQ ID NO: 454 98 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a OleD SEQ ID NO: 455 96 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 8004 OleD SEQ ID NO: 404 82 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. ATCC OleD SEQ ID NO: 408 82 33913 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. B100 OleD SEQ ID NO: 406 80 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85-10 OleD SEQ ID NO: 417 80

 pv. 

 str. 306 OleD SEQ ID NO: 409 80 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10331 OleD SEQ ID NO: 415 79 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae MAFF 311018 OleD SEQ ID NO: 418 79 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola BLS256 OleD SEQ ID NO: 142 80 Xylella fastidiosa Dixon OleD SEQ ID NO: 444 71 Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c OleD SEQ ID NO: 407 72 Xylella fastidiosa Ann-1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 445 72 Xylella fastidiosa M12 OleD SEQ ID NO: 145 72 Xylella fastidiosa M23 OleD SEQ ID NO: 146 71 Xylella fastidiosa Temecula1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 411 72

 SIR-1 OleD SEQ ID NOs: 462 49/38* and 463

 DSM 9485 OleD SEQ ID NOs: 451 55/46* and 452 Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 OleD SEQ ID NO: 144 38 Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl OleD SEQ ID NO: 438 45 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus OleD SEQ ID NO: 440 41 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis OleD SEQ ID NO: 431 41 NCPPB 382

 TC1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 427 37 Brevibacterium linens BL2 OleD SEQ ID NO: 443 37 Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 OleD SEQ ID NO: 149 Congregibacter litoralis KT71 OleD SEQ ID NO: 447 47

 SRS30216 OleD SEQ ID NO: 433 39

 NCTC 2665 OleD SEQ ID NO: 403 39 Geobacter uraniumreducens Rf4 OleD SEQ ID NO: 432 59 Pelobacter propionicus DSM 2379 OleD SEQ ID NO: 424 55 Opitutus terrae PB90-1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 442 47 Desulfotalea psychrophila LSv54 OleD SEQ ID NO: 413 46 Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem OleD SEQ ID NO: 458 56 Geobacter lovleyi SZ OleD SEQ ID NO: 453 56 Shewanella benthica KT99 OleD SEQ ID NO: 464 49 Shewanella loihica PV-4 OleD SEQ ID NO: 429 47 Photobacterium profundum SS9 OleD SEQ ID NO: 414 50 Shewanella baltica OS155 OleD SEQ ID NO: 148 42 Shewanella baltica OS185 OleD SEQ ID NO: 484 44 Shewanella baltica OS195 OleD SEQ ID NO: 485 43 Shewanella baltica OS223 OleD SEQ ID NO: 486 43 Shewanella sp. ANA-3 OleD SEQ ID NO: 423 50 Desulfacoccus oleovorans Hxd3 OleD SEQ ID NOs: 436 47/40* and 437 Shewanella amazonensis SB2B OleD SEQ ID NO: 425 46 Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400 OleD SEQ ID NO: 422 50 Shewanella woodyi ATCC 51908 OleD SEQ ID NO: 441 46 Photobacterium profundum 3TCK OleD SEQ ID NO: 449 48 Moritella sp. PE36 OleD SEQ ID NO: 461 45 Shewanella denitrificans OS217 OleD SEQ ID NO: 419 49 Psychromonas ingrahcamii 37 OleD SEQ ID NO: 426 48 Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345 OleD SEQ ID NO: 435 46 Shewanella putrefaciens 200 OleD SEQ ID NO: 457 47 Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 OleD SEQ ID NO: 430 46 Shewanella sediminis HAW-EB3 OleD SEQ ID NO: 434 46 Shewanella sp. W3-18-1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 428 46 Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4 OleD SEQ ID NO: 439 48 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 410 48 Shewanella sp. MR-7 OleD SEQ ID NO: 421 49 Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H OleD SEQ ID NO: 416 44 Shewanella sp. MR-4 OleD SEQ ID NO: 420 49 Geobacter sp. FRC-32 OleD SEQ ID NO: 450 55 Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 OleD SEQ ID NO: 446 51 Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 OleD SEQ ID NO: 459 47 Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 OleD SEQ ID NO: 412 40 Lentisphaera araneosa HTCC2155 OleD SEQ ID NO: 460 40 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans DSM 684 OleD SEQ ID NQ: 487 51 Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246 OleD SEQ ID NO: 143 52 Psychromonas sp. CNPT3 OleD SEQ ID NO: 448 48 Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 OleD SEQ ID NO: 405 44 Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2 OleD SEQ ID NO: 147 28

TABLE 2 Percent Percent Identity Identity Organism Protein Seq ID No OleB OleC Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus OleBC SEQ ID NO: 138 33 36 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. OleBC SEQ ID NO: 136 33 35 michiganensis NCPPB 382

 TC1 OleBC SEQ ID NO: 135 37 33 Brevibacterium linens BL2 OleBC SEQ ID NO: 139 27 34

 SRS30216 OleBC SEQ ID NO: 137 31 34

 NCTC 2665 OleBC SEQ ID NO: 141 32 32 Congregibacter litoralis KT71 OleBC SEQ ID NO: 140 32 33

The invention provides five protein families involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons, the OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD protein families, which collectively are referred to as the Ole protein family. Bioinformatic programs, such as the BLAST programs (provided by the NIH, Bethesda, Md.), were used to identify protein and nucleotide sequences that belong to the OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD protein families.

In order to identify proteins most likely to be involved in hydrocarbon biosynthesis, additional constraints were applied to the bioinformatic analysis. Hydrocarbon biosynthesis is not performed by a single Ole protein. Therefore, organisms that contain all four Ole proteins may be more likely to produce hydrocarbons. Accordingly, bioinformatic analysis was performed on more than 940 bacterial genomes, as well as greater than 100 archaeal and eukaryotic genomes. This search revealed 67 bacterial genomes that contain all four ole hydrocarbon synthesis genes: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a, Arthrobacter aurescens TC1, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6, Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645, Brevibacterium linens BL2, Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3, Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485, Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganenuis NCPPB 382, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, Congregibacter litoralis KT71, Desulfotalea psychrophila LSv54, Desulfiromonas acetoxidans DSM 684, Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246, Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem, Geobacter lovleyi SZ, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens Rf4, Kineococcus radotolerans SRS30216, Lentisphaera aranaosa HTCC2155, Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665, Moritella sp. PE36, Opitutus terrae PB90-1, Pelobacter propionicus DSM 2379, Photobacterium profundum 3TCK, Photobacterium profundum SS9, Planctomyces maris DSM 8797, Plesiocystis pacifica SIR-1, Psychromonas ingrahamii 37, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1, Shewanella amazonensis SB2B, Shewanella baltica OS155, Shewanella baltica OS185, Shewanella baltica OS195, Shewanella baltica OS223, Shewanella benthica KT99, Shewanella denitrifcans OS217, Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400, Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4, Shewanella loihica PV-4, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345, Shewanella putrefaciens 200, Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32, Shewanella sediminis HAW-EB3, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi ATCC 51908, Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri str. 306, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 8004, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. B100, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. ATCC 33913, Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria str. 85-10, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC 10331, Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae MAFF 311018, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola BLS256, Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c, Xylella fastidiosa Ann-1, Xylella fastidiosa Dixon, Xylella fastidiosa M12, Xylella fastidiosa M23, and Xylella fastidiosa Temeculal.

Previous reports have attempted to characterize the ability of various organisms to produce hydrocarbons, but these reports could not be confirmed (see, e.g., Jones et al., J. Gen. Microbiol., 59: 145-152 (1969), Ladygina et al., Process Biochemistry, 41:1001-1014 (2006)). While very little is published about the ability of organisms to produce nonisoprenoid hydrocarbons, there are four organisms that have been shown in the literature to produce the types of olefins described herein: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Chloroflexus species, and various Micrococcus species, including the recently sequenced Micrococcus luteus (Tomabene et al., Can. J. Microbiol., 24: 525-532 (1978); Suen et al., Journal of industrial Microbiology, 2: 337-348 (1988); Morrison et al., J. Bacteriol., 108: 353-358 (1971); van der Meer et al., Org. Geochem., 30: 1585-1587 (1999); Albro et al., Biochemistry, 8: 394-404 (1969); Philips et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microblol., 52: 933-938 (2002)).

Bioinformatics searching independently identified the four ole genes in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (R551-3 and K279a), Kineococcus radiotolerans, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, and Micrococcus luteus. In addition, the production of hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins) from these organisms has been confirmed. Specifically, the Ole proteins from several of these organisms were tested for their ability to produce hydrocarbons. Two organisms that are known to produce hydrocarbons and two organisms that have not been reported to produce hydrocarbons, but were identified in the bioinformatic analysis, were selected and tested for their ability to produce hydrocarbons when expressed in E. coli.

Example 6 shows that OleA, OleC, and OleD protein sequences from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Xanothomonas axonopodis, and Chloroflexus aggregans function to produce hydrocarbons when expressed in a host, such as E. coli or Bacillus megaterium. In addition, the OleC protein sequence from Plesiocystis pacifica, also produces hydrocarbons when expressed with oleA and oleD in E. coli.

To confirm that these genes confer hydrocarbon production ability in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, deletion mutations of oleA, oleC, and oleD were made in a hydrocarbon producing strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Deletion mutants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that are missing oleA do not produce any hydrocarbons, Deletion mutants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that are missing either oleC or oleD do not produce hydrocarbons, but produce aliphatic ketones instead.

By using bioinformatics, Ole amino acid motifs can be designed by identifying conserved regions of each Ole protein. These amino acid motifs can be designed by protein alignments followed by visual inspection of the protein sequences. These amino acid motifs can then be used to identify proteins that have similar biological functions as the Ole proteins. Several programs well known in the art can use the amino acid motifs to identify proteins that belong to the family of functional proteins. For example, one such publicly available program is http://motif.genome.jp/motif2.html (see Example 7).

Based on the experimental data, it was predicted that organisms that contain all four ole genes most likely have the ability to produce hydrocarbons. Therefore, the amino acid motifs were created by compiling all OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD protein sequences from the sixty-seven organisms (see, e.g., Table 1) that contain all four Ole proteins. For protein fusions, such as the OleBC proteins, the OleB sections were aligned with the OleB protein sequences and the OleC sections were aligned with the OleC protein sequence. Organisms with partial genome sequences or possible genomic recombinations were not included in Table 1 and, therefore, were not used to design these amino acid motifs. Based upon the conserved regions of these sixty-seven organisms containing all four ole genes, it is predicted that other polypeptide sequences containing these amino acid motifs may be functional Ole proteins. The amino acid motifs designed from the sixty-seven organism containing the four ole genes are shown in Tables 3-6. In all of the depicted motifs, subscript numbering indicates the position of the amino acid within the motif. X represents any amino acid (e.g., any naturally occurring amino acid), and bracketed items reflect a choice of amino acid residues for the indicated position. For example, [LF]₁ means either L or F at residue position 1.

TABLE 3 Motifs for OleA protein family SEQ ID NO: 64 [LF]₁-X₂-X₃-[IVLM]₄-[ATSV]₅-G₆-[IV]₇-X₈-[EAHS]₉-R₁₀-R₁₁-X₁₂-W₁₃ SEQ ID NO: 65 [TAC]₁-[SGT]₂-V₃-X₄-[RQ]₅-X₆-X₇-X₈-E₉-P₁₀-[SA]₁₁-[TV]₁₂-A₁₃ SEQ ID NO: 66 D₁-[VIL]₂-X₃-N₄-A₅-C₆-L₇-[AG]₈ SEQ ID NO: 67 [LM]₁-T₂-X₃-G₄-[SCA]₅-G₆ SEQ ID NO: 68 M₁-X₂-T₃-[DSN]₄-X₅-X₆-X₇-X₈-X₉-X₁₀-X₁₁-G₁₂ SEQ ID NO: 69 [LF]₁-X₂-X₃-G₄-[DE]₅-X₆-X₇-X₈-X₉-[LM]₁₀-G₁₁-[IVM]₁₂-G₁₃-S₁₄-G₁₅- [LI]₁₆-N₁₇-[CATS]₁₈-X₁₉-[MAV]₂₀-X₂₁-X₂₂-X₂₃-X₂₄₋W₂₅

TABLE 4 Motifs for OleD protein family SEQ ID NO: 70 [ILVA]₁-[LFV]₂-V₃-T₄-G₅-[GAC]₆-[GSN]₇-G₈-[FLM]₉-[LV]₁₀-G₁₁-X₁₂- X₁₃-[LVIT]₁₄-[CVA]₁₅-X₁₆-X₁₇-L₁₈-X₁₉-X₂₀-X₂₁-G₂₂ SEQ ID NO: 71 H₁-[NVTL]₂-[AG]₃-[AS]₄-[KLVIQR]₅-[VAPI]₆-[GSD]₇-[AVLIM]₈-X₉-G₁₀

TABLE 5 Motifs for OleC protein family SEQ ID NO: 72 G₁-X₂-X₃-[DE]₄-[LM]₅-[PACS]₆-[TAG]₇-F₈-P₉-[LP]₁₀-F₁₁-[ASG]₁₂- L₁₃-F₁₄-X₁₅-X₁₆-A₁₇-[LM]₁₈-G₁₉ SEQ ID NO: 73 H₁-R₂-M₃-G₄-D₅-[VL]₆-[GA]₇-X₈-X₉-D₁₀-X(5)₁₁₋₁₅-W₁₆-[FM]₁₇- [CY]₁₈-G₁₉-R₂₀-K₂₁-X₂₂-[HQ]₂₃-[RI]₂₄-V₂₅ SEQ ID NO: 74 L₁-X₂-H₃-X₄-X₅-F₆-P₇-[VM]₈-D₉-[IV]₁₀-R₁₁-H₁₂-N₁₃-[AS]₁₄-K₁₅-I₁₆- [GF]₁₇-R₁₈-E₁₉-X₂₀-L₂₁-A₂₂-X₂₃-W₂₄-A₂₅

TABLE 6 Motifs for OleB protein family SEQ ID NO: 91 [VILMF]₁-[VL]₂-[MLFC]₃-[VLI]₄-H₅-G₆-N₇-P₈-[ST]₉-W₁₀-[SCGT]₁₁- [FYL]₁₂-[YFLAB]₁₃-[WY]₁₄-R₁₅ SEQ ID NO: 92 [RQ]₁-[CVILT]₂-[IVL]₃-[VAC]₄-[PVML]₅-D₆-[HNL]₇-[IMLPV]8-G₉- [MCF]₁₀-G₁₁-[LFRYKT]₁₂-S₁₃-[DERS]₁₄-[KR]₁₅-[PL]₁₆-[DGSAR]₁₇ SEQ ID NO: 93 [TIHDS]₁[LF]₂-[AVIMFC]₃-[VLA]₄-H₅-D₆-W₇-G₈-G₉-[MAFP]₁₀-[IL]₁₁- G₁₂-[FMTLVC]₁₃-[GAS]₁₄-[WYFALMC]₁₅-[AM]₁₆ SEQ ID NO: 94 [RKQN]₁-[LIVCF]₂-[VGI]₃-[IVLMCA]₄-[LTCMF]₅-N₆-T₇-[AGVS]₈- [AVG]₉-F₁₀ SEQ ID NO: 95 [NDHKE]₁-R₂-[IVR]₃-[SA]₄-[TIV]₅-X₆-X₇-[FA]₈-[VIM]₉-[QGHLKR]₁₀- [DAT]₁₁-I₁₂-[PA]₁₃-[LCR]₁₄ SEQ ID NO: 96 [WF]₁-G₂-X₃-[RQKYH]₄-D₅-[FIWP]₆-[VC]₇-F₈-[DNTR]₉-X₁₀-X₁₁- [FYCL]₁₂-[LFY]₁₃ SEQ ID NO: 97 [GN]₁-H₂-Y₃-[VIL]₄-[LVI]₅-E₆-D₇

Additional amino acid motifs were developed by further considering published literature which identified organisms as producing hydrocarbons in combination with bioinformatic data showing that these organisms also contained all four ole genes. Moreover, these motifs were developed using experimental data that demonstrated that the particular organisms tested with all four ole genes produced hydrocarbons. These amino acid motifs are shown in Tables 7-9.

TABLE 7 Motifs for OleA SEQ ID NO: 98 V₁-X₂-[RQ]₃-[DPAR]₄-[YHTN]₅-L₆-E₇-P₈-[SA]₉-[TV]₁₀-A₁₁. SEQ ID NO: 99 F₁-D₂-[VIL]₃-X₄-N₅-A₆-C₇-L₈-X₉-[FW]₁₀-X₁₁-N₁₂-G₁₃. SEQ ID NO: 100 I₁-[DER]₂-Y₃-A₄-[LV]₅-[IV]₆-[VL]₇-X₈-[GA]₉-E₁₀. SEQ ID NO: 101 F₁-X₂-X₃-X₄-G₅-N₆-[IV]₇-G₈-P₉-[AI]₁₀-X₁₁-X₁₂-P₁₃. SEQ ID NO: 102 [LM]₁-G₂-[IV]₃-G₄-S₅-G₆-L₇-N₈-X₉-[SAG]₁₀-M₁₁.

TABLE 8 Motifs for OleC SEQ ID NO: 103 A₁-A₂-[IV]₃-X₄-F₅-T₆-S₇-G₈-S₉-T₁₀-G₁₁-X₁₂-[PA]₁₃-K₁₄-G₁₅-V₁₆. SEQ ID NO: 104 F₁-X₂-X₃-F₄-A₅-L₆-X₇-X₈-X₉-A₁₀-L₁₁-G₁₂-X₁₃-[TV]₁₄-[ST]₁₅-X₁₆-X₁₇- P₁₈-X₁₉-X₂₀-D₂₁-[PV]₂₂. SEQ ID NO: 105 [TP]₁-P₂-Y₃-G₄-X₅-T₆-E₇-X₈-L₉-P₁₀-V₁₁. SEQ ID NO: 106 H₁-R₂-X₃-G₄-D₅-X₆-G₇-[YHMW]₈-X₉-D₁₀-X₁₁-X₁₂-G₁₃-R₁₄-[LI]₁₅-W₁₆- [VF]₁₇-X₁₈-G₁₉-R₂₀-[KL]₂₁. SEQ ID NO: 107 A₁-[LI]₂-[VT]₃-G₄-[VPI]₅-[GQ]₆-X₇-X₈-G₉-[AQT]₁₀-[QV]₁₁-X₁₂- [PAV]₁₃-[VA]₁₄. SEQ ID NO: 108 P₁-[VT]₂-D₃-I₄-R₅-H₆-N₇-A₈-K₉-I₁₀-X₁₁-R₁₂-X₁₃-X₁₄-L₁₅-[AR]₁₆-X₁₇- W₁₈-A₁₉-X₂₀-X₂₁-X₂₂-L₂₃.

TABLE 9 MOTIF for OleD SEQ ID NO: 109 L₁-V₂-T₃-G₄-[AG]₅-[GNS]₆-G₇-[FLM]₈-[LV]₉-G₁₀-[QRAG]₁₁-X₁₂- [LVT]₁₃-[CVA]₁₄-[RE]₁₅-X₁₆-L₁₇. SEQ ID NO: 110 [VIA]₁-X₂-[ATG]₃-[IV]₄-X₅-H₆-X₇-X₈-A₉-K₁₀-[AV]₁₁-[GS]₁₂- X₁₃-X₁₄-G₁₅. SEQ ID NO: 111 [YHM]₁-[TV]₂-S₃-[TS]₄-P₅-S₆-V₇-[VTA]₈-[HI]₉. SEQ ID NO: 112 [AR]₁-[TV]₂-X₃-[AV]₄-[LV]₅-R₆-P₇-[RH]₈-[LI]₉-X₁₀-[WL]₁₁- G₁₂-P₁₃-[GR]₁₄-D₁₅. SEQ ID NO: 113 G₁-[RE]₂-A₃-[YLFV]₄-[FV]₅-[IV]₆-X₇-[NQ]₈-[GE]₉-X₁₀-P₁₁. SEQ ID NO: 114 E₁-[PV]₂-P₃-[LM]₄-T₅-[RE]₆-[FL]₇-[LM]₈-[AV]₉. SEQ ID NO: 115 P₁-X₂-[IV]₃-[SP]₄-[IL]₅-[ED]₆-E₇-G₈-[LF]₉-[RQHA]₁₀-R₁₁.

Finally, additional amino acid motifs were developed by aligning Ole protein sequences from organisms whose ole genes were heterologously expressed in E. coli and confirmed as having a role in hydrocarbon production (see, e.g., Example 6). These amino acid motifs are shown in Tables 10-12.

TABLE 10 Motifs for OleA SEQ ID NO: 116 D₁-Y₂-L₃-E₄-P₅-S₆-T₇-A₈ SEQ ID NO: 117 F₁-D₂-V₃-X₄-N₅-A₆-C₇-L₈-X₉-F₁₀-X₁₁-N₁₂- G₁₃-M₁₄ SEQ ID NO: 118 Y₁-A₂-L₃-[IV]₄-V₅-D₆-G₇-E₈ SEQ ID NO: 119 F₁-X₂-X₃-X₄-G₅-N₆-I₇-G₈-P₉-A₁₀-X₁₁-X₁₂- P₁₃-I₁₄ SEQ ID NO: 120 L₁-G₂-I₃-G₄-S₅-G₆-L₇-N₈-C₉-S₁₀-M₁₁

TABLE 11 Motifs for OleC SEQ ID NO: 121 A₁-A₂-I₃-[LV]₄-F₅-T₆-S₇-G₈-S₉-T₁₀-G₁₁-[VTP]₁₂-P₁₃-K₁₄-G₁₅-V₁₆- [VL]₁₇-Y₁₈-[RT]₁₉-H₂₀-[RG]₂₁ SEQ ID NO: 122 P₁-[AT]₂-F₃-P₄-[LP]₅-F₆-A₇-L₈-F₉-[ND]₁₀-[VP]₁₁-A₁₂-L₁₃-G₁₄-[LMV]₁₅- T₁₆-[ST]₁₇-[AV]₁₈-[IL]₁₉-P₂₀ SEQ ID NO: 123 [TP]₁-P₂-Y₃-G₄-A₅-T₆-E₇-X₈-L₉-P₁₀-V₁₁ SEQ ID NO: 124 H₁-R₂-M₃-G₄-D₅-X₆-G₇-[YW]₈-X₉-D₁₀-X₁₁-X₁₂-G₁₃-R₁₄-[LI]₁₅-W₁₆-F₁₇- [CY]₁₈-G₁₉-R₂₀-K₂₁ SEQ ID NO: 125 A₁-L₂-V₃-G₄-[VP]₅-[GQ]₆-X₇-X₈-G₉-[AQ]₁₀-[QV]₁₁-X₁₂-[PA]₁₃-[VA]₁₄ SEQ ID NO: 126 F₁-P₂-V₃-D₄-I₅-R₆-H₇-N₈-A₉-K₁₀-I₁₁-[GF]₁₂-R₁₃-[EG]₁₄-X₁₅-L₁₆-[AR]₁₇- [VA]₁₈-W₁₉-A₂₀-X₂₁-X₂₂-X₂₃-L₂₄

TABLE 12 Motifs for OleD SEQ ID NO: 127 L₁-V₂-T₃-G₄-G₅-[GN]₆-G₇-F₈-[LV]₉-G₁₀-X₁₁-X₁₂-L₁₃-X₁₄-X₁₅-X₁₆-L₁₇ SEQ ID NO: 128 G₁-[VI]₂-[DT]₃-A₄-V₅-F₆-H₇-X₈-X₉-A₁₀-K₁₁-A₁₂-G₁₃-X₁₄-W₁₅-G₁₆-X₁₇- Y₁₈-D₁₉-X₂₀-X₂₁-X₂₂-X₂₃-A₂₄-N₂₅-V₂₆ SEQ ID NO: 129 Y₁-T₂-S₃-T₄-P₅-S₆-V₇-[VT]₈ SEQ ID NO: 130 A₁-T₂-V₃-A₄-L₅-R₆-P₇-[RH]₈-L₉-I₁₀-W₁₁-G₁₂-P₁₃-[GR]₁₄-D₁₅ SEQ ID NO: 131 G₁-R₂-A₃-Y₄-F₅-I₆-X₇-X₈-X₉-X₁₀-P₁₁ SEQ ID NO: 132 L₁-R₂-L₃-X₄-G₅-E₆-X₇-P₈-L₉-T₁₀-R₁₁ SEQ ID NO: 133 R₁-D₂-F₃-G₄-Y₅-X₆-P₇-X₈-X₉-S₁₀-I₁₁-E₁₂-E₁₃-G₁₄-L₁₅-[RQ]₁₆-R₁₇

The invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising an OleA, OleB, OleC, or OleD amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an OleA amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-69, 98-102, and 116-120. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an OleB amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 91-97. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an OleC amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 72-74, 103-108, and 121-126. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an OleD amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 109-115, and 127-133.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising more than one OleA, OleB, OleC, or OleD amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising one, two, three, or four Ole amino acid motif sequences. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising an OleB amino acid motif sequence and an OleC amino acid motif sequence.

Alternatively, the isolated nucleic acid can encode more than one polypeptide comprising an Ole amino acid motif sequence. For instance, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide, wherein each of the first and second polypeptides comprises an Ole amino acid motif sequence or wherein each of the first and second polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a third polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides comprises an Ole amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a third polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a third polypeptide, and a fourth polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides comprises an Ole amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a third polypeptide, and a fourth polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133.

Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide of no more than 1500 amino acid residues comprising an Ole amino acid motif sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide of no more than 1500 amino acid residues comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133. In another embodiment, each of the first and second polypeptides is no more than 1500 amino acid residues, each of the first, second, and third polypeptides is no more than 1500 amino acid residues, or each of the first, second, third and fourth polypeptides is no more than 1500 amino acid residues.

Bioinformatic analysis of the ole genes revealed that the genes are often found within a 5000 to 10000 base pair region transcribed in the same direction as if in an operon. The genes have also been found in pairs within organisms. This pairing includes a protein fusion between OleB and OleC (herein referred to as OleBC). For example, the oleBC gene fusion has been observed in seven of the 67 organisms described above: Arthrobacter aurescens, both Clavibacter michiganensis species, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Brevibacterium linens, Congregibacter litoralis, and Micrococcus luteus.

Identifying an organism that contains one or more of the ole gene(s) would indicate that the organism also produces hydrocarbons naturally. Bioinformatic techniques were used to identify other sequenced organisms that contain genes that belong to these gene families (see, e.g., Tables 1 and 2). These genes can be used to confer hydrocarbon production on their host organism, as well as on other hosts when expressed in other host organisms. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that additional oleA, oleB, oleC, oleD, and oleBC sequences can readily be cloned and used to make hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. An exemplary list of OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, and OleBC proteins identified using the methods disclosed herein can be found in Tables 1 and 2. A person having ordinary skill in the art would be able to identify or deduce the gene sequences from the OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, and OleBC protein sequences set forth in Tables 1 and 2.

The invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of; or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (b) a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (c) a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence.

For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (b) a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an OleA amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NOs: 150-229. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an OleB amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NOs: 230-326. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, SEQ ID NO: 10.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an OleC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 88, and SEQ ID NOs: 327-402. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an OleD amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NOs: 142-149, and SEQ ID NOs: 403-464. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 135-141.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a homolog of OleA. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NOs: 150-229. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a homolog of OleB. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NOs: 230-326. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 10.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a homolog of OleC. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 88, and SEQ ID NOs: 327-402. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a homolog of OleD. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NOs: 142-149, and SEQ ID NOs: 403-464. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a homolog of OleBC. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NOs: 135-141.

A homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC protein is one that functionally performs substantially like an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC protein, for instance, in terms of having hydrocarbon synthase activity. For example, an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC protein and an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC protein homolog do not necessarily have similar amino acid sequences. However, they do have similar hydrocarbon synthase activities.

Calculations of “homology” between two sequences can be performed as follows. The sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence that is aligned for comparison purposes is at least about 30%, preferably at least about 40%, more preferably at least about 50%, even more preferably at least about 60%, and even more preferably at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or about 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein, amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16. SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of an OleA amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NOs: 150-229. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of an OleB amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NOs: 230-326. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 10.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of an OleC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 88, and SEQ ID NOs: 327-402. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of an OleD amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NOs: 142-149, and SEQ ID NOs: 403-464. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence that is a conservative variant of an OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NOs: 135-141.

As used herein, a “variant” of polypeptide X refers to a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of peptide X in which one or more amino acid residues is altered. The variant may have conservative changes or nonconservative changes. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be substituted, inserted, or deleted without affecting biological activity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, for example, LASERGENE software (DNASTAR).

The term “variant,” when used in the context of a polynucleotide sequence, may encompass a polynucleotide sequence related to that of a gene or the coding sequence thereof. This definition may also include, for example, “allelic,” “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variants. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference polynucleotide, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternative splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or an absence of domains. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species.

Conserved amino acid substitutions can be any amino acid substitution shown in Table 13. Specifically, conserved amino acid substitutions can be selected from the group consisting of alanine to D-Ala, Gly, beta-Ala, L-Cys, D-Cys; arginine to D-Arg, Lys, D-Lys, homo-Arg, D-homo-Arg, Met, Ile, D-Met, D-Ile, Orn, D-Orn; asparagine to D-Asn, Asp, D-Asp, Glu, D-Glu, Gln, D-Gln; aspartic acid to D-Asp, D-Asn, Asn, Glu, D-Glu, Gln, D-Gln; cysteine to D-Cys, S-Me-Cys, Met, D-Met, Thr, D-Thr; glutamic acid to D-Glu, D-Asp, Asp, Asn, D-Asn, Gln, D-Gln; glycine to Ala, D-Ala, Pro, D-Pro, b-Ala, Acp; isoleucine to D-Ile, Val, D-Val, Leu, D-Leu, Met, D-Met; leucine to D-Leu, Val, D-Val, Leu, D-Leu, Met, D-Met; lysine to D-Lys, Arg, D-Arg, homo-Arg, D-homo-Arg, Met, D-Met, Ile, D-Ile, Orn, D-Orn; methionine to D-Met, S-Me-Cys, Ile, D-Ile, Leu, D-Leu, Val, D-Val; phenylalanine to D-Phe, Tyr, D-Thr, L-Dopa, His, D-His, Trp, D-Trp, Trans-3, 4, or 5-phenylproline, cis-3, 4, or 5-phenylproline; proline to D-Pro, L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; serine to D-Ser, Thr, D-Thr, allo-Thr, Met, D-Met, Met(O), D-Met(O), L-Cys, D-Cys; threonine to D-Thr, Ser, D-Ser, allo-Thr, Met, D-Met, Met(O), D-Met(O), Val, D-Val; tyrosine to D-Tyr, Phe, D-Phe, L-Dopa, His, D-His; and valine to D-Val, Leu, D-Leu, Ile, D-Ile, Met, D-Met.

TABLE 13 For Amino Acid Code Replace with any of Alanine A D-Ala, Gly, beta-Ala, L-Cys, D-Cys Arginine R D-Arg, Lys, D-Lys, homo-Arg, D-homo-Arg, Met, Ile, D-Met, D-Ile, Orn, D-Orn Asparagine N D-Asn, Asp, D-Asp, Glu, D-Glu, Gln, D-Gln Aspartic Acid D D-Asp, D-Asn, Asn, Glu, D-Glu, Gln, D-Gln Cysteine C D-Cys, S-Me-Cys, Met, D-Met, Thr, D-Thr Glutamic Acid E D-Glu, D-Asp, Asp, Asn, D-Asn, Gln, D-Gln Glycine G Ala, D-Ala, Pro, D-Pro, b-Ala, Acp Isoleucine I D-Ile, Val, D-Val, Leu, D-Leu, Met, D-Met Leucine L D-Leu, Val, D-Val, Leu, D-Leu, Met, D-Met Lysine K D-Lys, Arg, D-Arg, homo-Arg, D-homo-Arg, Met, D-Met, Ile, D-Ile, Orn, D-Orn Methionine M D-Met, S-Me-Cys, Ile, D-Ile, Leu, D-Leu, Val, D-Val Phenylalanine F D-Phe, Tyr, D-Thr, L-Dopa, His, D-His, Trp, D- Trp, Trans-3, 4, or 5-phenylproline, cis-3, 4, or 5- phenylproline Proline P D-Pro, L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, D-or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid Serine S D-Ser, Thr, D-Thr, allo-Thr, Met, D-Met, Met(O), D-Met(O), L-Cys, D-Cys Threonine T D-Thr, Ser, D-Ser, allo-Thr, Met, D-Met, Met(O), D-Met(O), Val, D-Val Tyrosine Y D-Tyr, Phe, D-Phe, L-Dopa, His, D-His Valine V D-Val, Leu, D-Leu, Ile, D-Ile, Met, D-Met

A conservative variant of an Ole protein can comprise one or more conserved amino acid substitutions. For example, a conservative variant can have about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 50 conserved amino acid substitutions. In a preferred embodiment, a conservative variant has no more than about 50 conserved amino acid substitutions. For example, a conservative variant can have no more than about 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 50 conserved amino acid substitutions. A conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487 is one that functionally performs substantially like the respective amino acid sequence without the amino acid substitutions. Any one of the assays provided herein can be used to assess activity. In some examples, a conservative variant of an OleA protein can be assayed for hydrocarbon synthase activity, such as acyl condensing activity, aliphatic ketone synthase activity, and/or olefin synthase activity. As used herein, the term “synthase” refers to an enzyme which catalyzes a synthesis process. As used herein, the term synthase includes synthases, synthetases, and ligases.

In other examples, conservative variants of OleC and OleD can be assayed for activity as described herein. The conservative variant can have, for instance, about one conserved amino acid substitution, two amino acid substitutions, three amino acid substitutions, four amino acid substitutions, or five or more amino acid substitutions in an amino acid sequence, as long as activity of the protein is maintained.

Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser, Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr, Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr, Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met.

In some embodiments, a conservative variant includes one or more conservative amino acid substitutions compared to the sequence from which it was derived, and yet retains its respective activity. For example, a conservative variant can retain at least about 10% of the biological activity of the parent protein from which it was derived, or alternatively, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, or at least about 40% of the biological activity of the parent protein. In some preferred embodiments, a conservative variant retains at least about 50% of the biological activity of the parent protein from which it was derived. The conservative amino acid substitutions of a conservative variant can occur in any domain of the protein. In another embodiment, the conserved amino acid substitutions may result in enhanced biological activity when compared to the parent protein. For example, the conservative variant may have a biological activity of at least about 100% of the biological activity of the parent protein from which it was derived, or alternatively, at least about 110%, at least about 120%, at least about 150%, at least about 200%, or at least about 1000% of the biological activity of the parent protein from which it was derived.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with OleA. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NOs: 150-229.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with OleB. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NOs: 230-326.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95° %, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with OleC. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 88, and SEQ ID NOs: 327-402.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) identity with OleD. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NOs: 142-149, and SEQ ID NOs: 403-464.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with OleBC. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NOs: 135-141.

An isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having between about 35% and about 100% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence encoding an Ole protein is also provided herein. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence having at least about 35%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence encoding an Ole protein.

Although particular embodiments of hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon intermediate forming nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are disclosed, it will be understood that sequences that have similar structural characteristics can be isolated from other organisms. These newly isolated sequences can be assayed for hydrocarbon synthase activity (see Tables 1 and 2 for a list of specific, non-limiting examples of related sequences). In addition, it will be understood that other functionally equivalent forms of the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences disclosed herein can be readily identified and/or generated using conventional molecular biological techniques, including, for instance, site-directed mutagenesis, M13 primer mutagenesis, error prone PCR, sexual PCR, DNA synthesis, or DNA shuffling. Details of many of these techniques are provided in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2000).

Thus, in addition to structurally related sequences and homologous sequences, the invention also encompasses amino acid sequences that have at least about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, and/or SEQ ID NOs: 135-464. In further embodiments the invention encompasses amino acid sequences that have at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, and/or SEQ ID NOs: 135-464.

Sequences retaining structural and functional similarity to OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD can be identified by any number of known methods. One such method involves the screening of genomic sequences for sequence alignment with the known sequence(s). Methods for aligning sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in: Smith et al., Adv. Appl. Math., 2: 482 (1981); Needleman et al., J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443 (1970); Pearson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 2444 (1988); Higgins et al., Gene, 73: 237-244 (1988); Higgins & Sharp, CABIOS, 5: 151-153 (1989); Corpet et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 16: 10881-10890 (1988); Huang et al., CABIOS 8: 155-165 (1992); and Pearson et al., Methods in Molecular Biology, 24: 307-331 (1994). Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410 (1990), presents a detailed description of sequence alignment methods and homology calculations.

In a preferred embodiment, the percent homology between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman, supra, algorithm that has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package, using either a BLOSUM62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment, the percent homology between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package, using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. A particularly preferred set of parameters (and the one that should be used if the practitioner is uncertain about which parameters should be applied to determine if a molecule is within a homology limitation of the claims) are a BLOSUM62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.

The invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding more than one polypeptide, wherein each polypeptide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (b) a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (c) a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide, wherein each of the first and second polypeptides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (b) a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (c) a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide, wherein each of the first and second polypeptides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (b) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a third polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (b) a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (c) a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a third polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (b) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a third polypeptide, and a fourth polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (b) a homolog of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence; (c) a conservative variant of an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) an amino acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC amino acid sequence. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a third polypeptide, and a fourth polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (b) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478.487.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having about 1500 amino acid residues, about 1400 amino acid residues, about 1300 amino acid residues, about 1200 amino acid residues, about 1100 amino acid residues, about 1000 amino acid residues, about 900 amino acid residues, about 800 amino acid residues, about 700 amino acid residues, about 600 amino acid residues, about 500 amino acid residues, about 400 amino acid residues, or about 300 amino acid residues. In a preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having no more than about 1500 (e.g., no more than about 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, or 200) amino acid residues.

The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having at least about 100 amino acid residues. For example, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having at least about 200 amino acid residues, at least about 250 amino acid residues, or at least about 300 amino acid residues. Alternatively, the isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having no less than 100 (e.g., no less than 100, 150, 200, or 250) amino acid residues. The isolated nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having between about 200 amino acid residues and about 1500 amino acid residues, between about 300 amino acid residues and about 1000 amino acid residues, between about 500 amino acid residues and about 800 amino acid residues, or between about 600 amino acid residues and about 1000 amino acid residues.

The isolated nucleic acid can be isolated from a bacterium, a plan, an insect, a yeast, a fungus, or a animal (e.g., a mammal). When the nucleic acid is isolated from a bacterium, the bacterium can be any genus of bacteria. For example, the bacterium can be of a genus selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter, Arthrobacter, Bdellovibrio, Blastopirelluda, Brevibacterium, Burkholderia, Candidatus, Chloroflexus, Clavibacter, Clostridium, Colwellia, Congregibacter, Desulfatibacillum, Desulfococcus, Desulfotalea, Desulfuromonas, Flavobacteriales, Gemmata, Geobacter, Hahella, Jannaschia, Kineococcus, Lentisphaera, Maricauls, Marinobacter, Micrococcus, Microscilla, Moritella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Opitutaceae, Opitutus, Paenibacillus, Pelobacter, Phaotobacterium, Photorhabdus, Planctomyces, Plesiocystis, Psedoalteromonas Psychromonas, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Rhodopirellula, Roseovarius, Shewanella Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Xanthomonas, and Xylella.

More specifically, the nucleic acid can be isolated from any bacterium selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfaribacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp, GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM, Shewanella amazonensis SB2B, Shewanella baltica OS155, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halifaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is isolated from a strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (e.g., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17679, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17674, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17445, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17666, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a, or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3).

When a genomic sequence is not available for a particular species of interest, related sequences can be amplified from genomic DNA using standard PCR methods. Briefly, genomic DNA is extracted from the cells of interest by any one of a variety of well known methods, Sambrook et al., supra, and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publ. Assoc. & Wiley-Intersciences (1989), provide descriptions of methods for DNA isolation. Generally, any organism can be used as a source of such DNA. The extracted DNA is then used as a template for performing a polymerase chain reaction. Degenerative primers may need to be used for PCR. Methods and conditions for PCR are described, for example, in PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Innis et al. (eds.), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990.

The selection of amplification primers will be made according to the particular gene that is to be amplified. Specific examples of primers of use are shown in Table 14, below. However, these primers are illustrative only. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many different primers can be derived from the oleA, oleB, oleC, oleBC, and oleD nucleic acid sequences. Variations in amplification conditions can be required to accommodate primers and amplicons of differing lengths and composition. Such considerations are well known in the art and are discussed, for instance, in PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Innis et al. (eds.), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990.

Sequencing of PCR products obtained by these amplification procedures can be used to facilitate confirmation of the amplified sequence and provide information about natural variation of this sequence in different species. Oligonucleotides derived from the provided OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC and OleD sequences can be used in such sequencing methods. Closely related orthologous OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC and OleD sequences can share at least about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% sequence identity with the disclosed OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC and OleD sequences (see, e.g., Tables 1 and 2).

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, and SEQ ID NO: 87.

Also disclosed herein are recombinant nucleic acid constructs that include one or more isolated nucleic acids encoding Ole proteins, homologs of Ole proteins, conservative variants of Ole proteins, end/or sequences having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with Ole proteins. Exemplary recombinant nucleic acid constructs include cloning vectors, expression vectors, or synthetic operons.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of useful vector is an episome (i.e., a nucleic acid capable of extra-chromosomal replication). Useful vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked. Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors”. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of “plasmids,” which refer generally to circular double stranded DNA loops that, in their vector form, are not bound to the chromosome. As used herein, “plasmid” and “vector” are used interchangeably, as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, also included are such other forms of expression vectors that serve equivalent functions and that become known in the art subsequently hereto.

Both cloning and expression vectors contain nucleotide sequences that allow the vectors to replicate in one or more suitable recombinant organisms. In cloning vectors, this sequence is generally one that enables the vector to replicate independently of the recombinant organism chromosomes and also includes either origins of replication or autonomously replicating sequences. Various bacterial and viral origins of replication are well known and include, but are not limited to, pBR322 derived ColE1 replicon, the P15A replicon, the pCloDF13 replicon, the pKN402 replicon, the pMB1 (pUC) replicon, the pSC101 replicon, and the SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV and BPV viral origins.

The nucleic acids disclosed herein can be used to produce proteins by the use of recombinant expression vectors comprising an isolated nucleic acid. A wide variety of expression vectors can be used. For example, plasmids, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived vectors, including vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, bacteriophages, yeast episomes, yeast chromosomal elements, viruses, such as baculoviruses, papoviruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof; such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids.

Generally, any vector suitable to maintain, propagate, or express polynucleotides to express a polypeptide in a recombinant organism can be used for expression in this regard. Therefore, any other vector that is replicable and viable in the recombinant organism can be used. Non-limiting examples of bacterial expression vectors include pKK223-3 and pTrc 99A, which carry the trp-lac promoter; pUC, pTZ, pSK, and pGEM, which carry the lac promoter; the pET vector and derivatives thereof, which contain the T7 promoter, and the pHUB series of vectors, the pPLc series of vectors, pKC30, pASt, pRM1/pRM9, and pTrxFus, all of which contain the bacteriophage λp_(L) promoter. Additional exemplary vectors include the pATH series of vectors, the pBAD series of vectors, the pBEc series of vectors, the pCAL series of vectors, the pCRT7 series of vectors, pGAL, pGEX, and derivatives, the pLEX series of vectors, the pMAL series of vectors, the pOSEX series of vectors, the pQE series of vectors, the pRSET series of vectors, and the pTriEx series of vectors. Vectors suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in S. cerevisiae include, for example, pAD-GAL4 and derivatives thereof, pBridge, pCM and derivatives thereof, the pEMBLY series of vectors, pESC and derivatives thereof, the pFL series of vectors, pSZ62, the pYC2 and pYC6 series of vectors, and the YIP series of plasmids.

The appropriate nucleic acid sequence is inserted into the vector by any of a variety of well-known and routine techniques. In general, a nucleic acid sequence for expression is joined to an expression vector by cleaving the nucleic acid sequerice and the expression vector with one or more restriction endonucleases and then joining the restriction fragments together using a T4-DNA ligase. Procedures for restriction and ligation are well known in the art. Suitable procedures in this regard and for constructing expression vectors using alternative techniques, which also are well known in the art, are set forth in great detail in Sambrook et at, supra. Non-limiting examples of these alternative techniques include, for example, incorporation of the nucleic acid sequence by recombinase or topoisomerase.

Nucleic acid sequences can be modified or linked together by conventional techniques such as SOE PCR, DNA synthesis, blunt end ligation, or ligation at restriction enzyme sites. If suitable restriction sites are not available, then synthetic oligonucleotide adapters or linkers can be used (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; Ausubel et al., supra).

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that numerous promoters are functional in cells and have been described in the literature, including constitutive, inducible, developmentally regulated, and environmentally regulated promoters. Of particular interest is the use of promoters (also referred to as transcriptional initiation regions) that are functional in the appropriate recombinant organism. For example, if E. coli is used as a recombinant organism, then exemplary promoters that can be used include, but are not limited to, the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp, trc, and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters, promoters of retroviral LTRs, and the CaMV 35S promoter. If Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the host, then the sequences of interest are typically under the control of yeast promoters. A non-limiting, example of a useful yeast promoter includes the GAL/CYC promoter.

Any suitable promoter known to a person of ordinary skill in the art which is not mentioned herein can be readily employed in the invention described herein. For example, other promoters known to control the expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells can be used. Expression vectors can also contain a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription termination site. The vector can also contain sequences useful for the amplification of gene expression.

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide. Preferably, the promoter is an inducible promoter, a constitutive promoter, or a cell-specific promoter. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is a T7 promoter. In another preferred embodiment, the promoter is a pTrc promoter, a Pxy1A promoter, a Pgrac promoter, a GAL1 promoter, or a GAL10 promoter.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” means that selected nucleotide sequence (e.g., encoding a polypeptide described herein) is in proximity with a promoter to allow the promoter to regulate expression of the selected DNA. In addition, the promoter is located upstream of the selected nucleotide sequence in terms of the direction of transcription and translation. By “operably linked” is meant that a nucleotide sequence and a regulatory sequence(s) are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression when the appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the regulatory sequence(s).

Regulatory transcript termination regions can be provided in expression constructs as well. Transcript termination regions can be provided by the vector sequence that encodes the Ole protein sequences or a transcript termination region which is naturally associated with the transcript initiation region can be used. Any convenient transcript termination region that is capable of terminating transcription in a recombinant organism can be employed in the constructs disclosed herein. Expression and cloning vectors can, and usually do, contain a structural gene or selection marker having the necessary regulatory regions for expression in a recombinant organism to provide for selection of transformant cells. The gene can provide for resistance to a cytotoxic agent (e.g., an antibiotic, heavy metal, or toxin), complementation providing prototrophy to an auxotrophic host, viral immunity, or the like. Depending upon the number of different host species into which the expression construct or components thereof are introduced, one or more markers can be employed where different conditions for selection are used for the different hosts.

Specific, non-limiting, examples of suitable selection markers include genes that confer resistance to bleomycin, erythromycin, gentamycin, glyphosate, hygromycin, kanamycin, methotrexate, nalidixic acid, phleomycin, phosphinotricin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, sulfonylureas, ampicillin/carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin/spectinomycin, or tetracycline. Another example of a suitable selection marker is the auxotrophic selectable marker genes, such as histidine selectable marker genes. Specific, non-limiting, examples of markers include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase (AP), myc, hemagglutinin (HA), 13 glucuronidase (GUS), luciferase, and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid further comprises a selection marker coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide. The selection marker can be ampicillin/carbenicillin resistance, kanamycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, erythromycin resistance, streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance, or a histidine auxotrophic selectable marker gene.

In addition, expression vectors also can contain marker sequences operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence for a protein that encodes an additional protein used as a marker. The result is a hybrid or fusion protein comprising two linked and different proteins. The marker protein can provide, for example, an immunological or enzymatic marker for the recombinant protein produced by the expression vector. Additionally, the end of the polynucleotide can be modified by the addition of a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence useful for purification of the protein produced. For example, a DNA sequence encoding an amino acid sequence conferring affinity to a particular method of chromatography can be included. Various methods have been devised for the addition of such affinity purification moieties to proteins. Representative examples can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,703,004, 4,782,137, 4,845,341, 5,935,824, and 5,594,115. Any method known in the art for the addition of nucleotide sequences encoding purification moieties can be used (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra).

In particular, the invention provides recombinant constructs that include one or more isolated nucleic acids that encode Ole proteins or variants and homologs thereof. The constructs can include a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which the sequence has been inserted, either in the forward or reverse orientation. The recombinant construct can further include a regulatory sequence, including, for example, a promoter operatively linked to the sequence. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known and are commercially available. In one embodiment, the pET-21b(+), pCOLADuet-1, pCDFDuet-1, pcDNA3.1 (+), pCMV SPORT6.1 (Invitrogen) vectors, or any of the vectors described herein are used. However, any suitable plasmids or vectors can be used as long as they are replicable and viable in the host.

The invention provides a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid. For example, the vector can be a plasmid. Preferably, the vector is a plasmid selected from pET21b(+), pCOLADuet-1, pCDFDuet-1, pACYCDuet-1, pACYCpTrc, pCL1920pTrc, pESC-HIS, pSUP104, pMM1522, pWH1520, and pHT01. In a preferred embodiment, the vector is a plasmid selected from pET21b(+), pCOLADuet-1, pCDFDuet-1, pWH1520, pHT01, pESC-HIS, pET-21d(+), pETDuet-1, pACYCDuet-1, pTrcHis2A, pMAL-c2X, or pCL1920pTrc.

Recombinant DNA technology resulting in the integration of the respective nucleic acids encoding OleA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487), OleB (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NOs: 230-326), OleC (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 88, and SEQ ID NOs: 327-402), OleD (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NOs: 142-149, and SEQ ID NOs: 403-464), OleBC (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 135-141), and/or variants and homologs of these sequences into the chromosome of any living organism can result in expression and production of the respective proteins.

The isolated nucleic acid also can be part of an expression cassette that, at a minimum, includes a promoter, one or more isolated nucleic acids encoding OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC, and a transcriptional termination signal sequence functional in a recombinant organism. The promoter can be any of the types discussed herein, for example, an inducible promoter or constitutive promoter. The expression cassette can further include an operably linked targeting sequence or transit or secretion peptide coding region capable of directing transport of the protein produced. The expression cassette can also further include a nucleic acid sequence encoding a selectable marker and/or a purification moiety.

Regulatory sequences, coding sequences, and combinations thereof can be introduced or altered in the genome of the host strain. In some examples, the integration of the desired recombinant sequence into the recombinant organism's genomic sequence does not require the use of a selectable marker, such as an antibiotic. In some examples, the genomic alterations include changing the control sequence of the target genes, such as oleA, oleB, oleC, oleBC, or oleD by replacing the native promoter(s) with a promoter insensitive to regulation. There are numerous approaches to do this. For example, Valle and Flores, Methods Mol. Biol. 267: 113-122 (2006) describes a PCR-based method to overexpress chromosomal genes in E. coli. Another approach is based on the use of single-strand oligonucleotides to create specific mutations directly in the chromosome using the technology developed by Costantino et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 100: 15748-15753 (2003). This technology is based on the use of the overexpression of the beta protein from the bacteriophage lambda to enhance genetic recombination. The advantages of this approach are that synthetic oligonucleotides 70 or more bases long can be used to create point mutations, insertions, and deletions. This method eliminates cloning steps. Furthermore, the system is so efficient that no markers are necessary to isolate the desired mutations. This approach is useful for overexpressing among other things, endogenous coding sequences, such as those that encode OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleBC, or fatty acid biosynthetic pathway enzymes.

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid further comprising at least one additional nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) a regulatory sequence operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; (b) a selection marker operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; (c) a purification moiety operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; (d) a secretion sequence operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; and (e) a targeting sequence operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide.

The invention also provides a cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid. In particular, the cell can comprise an isolated nucleic acid or a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid. The cell can be transformed with an isolated nucleic acid using any suitable method known in the art. Alternatively, the cell can be transfected with a vector using any suitable method known in the art.

As used herein, the term “transfect” means the introduction of a nucleic acid (e.g., via an expression vector) into a recipient cell by nucleic acid-mediated gene transfer. As used herein, “transform” refers to a process in which a cell's genotype is changed as a result of the cellular uptake of exogenous DNA or RNA. This may result in the transformed cell expressing a recombinant form of an RNA or polypeptide. In the case of antisense expression from the transferred gene, the expression of a naturally-occurring form of the polypeptide is disrupted.

The cell can be a yeast cell, a fungal cell, an algae cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a bacterial cell, or a plant cell. The cell can be an Archaea cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a bacterial cell.

The cell can be selected from any cell of the genus Escherichia, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Neurospora, Fusarium, Humicola, Rhizomucor, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Mucor, Myceliophtora, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Pleurotus, Trametes, Chrysosporium, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Stenotrophamonas, Kineococcus, Yarrowia, or Streptomyces. Specifically, the cell can be a Bacillus lentus cell, a Bacillus brevis cell, a Bacillus stearothermophilus cell, a Bacillus licheniformis cell, a Bacillus alkalophilus cell, a Bacillus coagulans cell, a Bacillus circulans cell, a Bacillus pumilis cell, a Bacillus thuringiensis cell, a Bacillus clausii cell, a Bacillus megaterium cell, a Bacillus subtilis cell, or a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cell. Additionally, the cell can be a Trichoderma koningii cell, a Trichoderma viride cell, a Trichoderma reesei cell, a Trichoderma longibrachiatum cell, an Aspergillus awamori cell, an Aspergillus fumigates cell, an Aspergillus foetidus cell, an Aspergillus nidulans cell, an Aspergillus niger cell, an Aspergillus oryzae cell, a Humicola insolens cell, a Humicola lanuginose cell, a Rhizomucor miehei cell, or a Mucor michei cell.

In a preferred embodiment, the cell is a Streptomyces lividans cell, a Streptomyces murinus cell, an Actinomycetes cell, or an Escherichia coli cell. The Escherichia coli cell can be a strain B, a strain C, a strain K, or a strain W Escherichia coli cell. The cell can also be a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia cell, a Kineococcus radiotolerans cell, a Bacillus megaterium cell, or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.

More specifically, the cell can be any strain of Anoeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp, paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp. GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens, Shewanella amazonensis, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halifaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa.

Optionally, the cell can be an animal cell. For example, the animal cell can be selected from the group consisting of a CHO cell, a COS cell, a VERO cell, a BHK cell, a HeLa cell, a Cv1 cell, an MDCK cell, a 293 cell, a 3T3 cell, and a PC12 cell.

The invention also provides for a cell comprising an alteration in a gene involved in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. As used herein, the term “fatty acid biosynthetic pathway” means a biosynthetic pathway that produces fatty acids. The fatty acid biosynthetic pathway includes fatty acid enzymes that can be engineered, as described herein, to produce fatty acids, and in some embodiments can be expressed with additional enzymes to produce fatty acids having desired carbon chain characteristics.

As used herein, “fatty acid enzyme” means any enzyme involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Fatty acid enzymes can be expressed or overexpressed in host cells to produce fatty acids. Non-limiting examples of fatty acid enzymes include fatty acid synthases and thioesterases.

For example, the cell can overexpress acyl-Coa synthase (EC 6.2.1.3, 2.3.1.86), thioesterase (EC 3.1.2.-, 3.1.1.15, 3.1.2.14), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2, 6.3.4.14), an acyl-carrier protein, pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), aldehyde decarbonylase (EC 4.1.99.5), beta-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase (EC 4.2.1.60), 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I (EC 2.3.1.41), [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.39), 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase (EC 1.1.1.100), 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]synthase III (EC 2.3.1.180), enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]reductase (EC 1.3.1.9), (3R)-hydroxymyristol acyl carrier protein dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.-), lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9, 4.1.1.41), aspartate 1-decarboxylase (EC 4.11.1.1), pantothenate kinase (EC 2.7.1.33), pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (EC 1.6.1.1), and combinations thereof.

In addition to overexpressing one or more peptides to produce substrates containing fatty acyl chains, the cell can additionally have one or more peptides functionally deleted, mutated, or attenuated. As used herein, the term “attenuate” means to weaken, reduce or diminish. For example, a polypeptide can be attenuated by modifying the polypeptide to reduce its activity (e.g., by modifying a nucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide).

For example, one or more of the following can be deleted, mutated, or attenuated: acetate kinase (EC 2.7.2.1), alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1, 1.2.1.10), 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]synthase II (EC 2.3.1.179), FabR transcriptional repressor (accession NP_418398), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3, 1.3.99.-), biosynthetic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.94), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28), formate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.54), acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15), pyruvate oxidase (EC 1.2.2.2), and phosphotransacetylase (EC 2.3.1.8).

In some examples, the cell can produce branched products, including substrates containing fatty acyl chains, hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon intermediates. Accordingly, cells can be engineered to increase branching by overexpressing a peptide selected from one or more components of the branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4), branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.42), dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (EC 1.8.1.4), crotonyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.6.5.5, 1.1.1.1), isobutyryl-CoA mutase, subunit A (EC 5.4.99.2), isobutyryl-CoA mutase, subunit B (5.4.99.2), beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (EC 2.3.1.180), beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (EC 2.3.1.179), acyl-carrier protein (NP_823468), enoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34), enoyl-CoA isomerase (EC 4.2.1.-), and combinations thereof.

The saturation level of the substrate containing a fatty acyl chain, hydrocarbon, and hydrocarbon intermediate can be altered by engineering the cell to overexpress a peptide selected from 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]synthase I (EC 2.3.1.41), trans-2-enoyl-ACP reductase II (EC 1.3.1.9), enoyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase (EC 1.3.1.9), trans-2, cis-3-decenoyl-ACP isomerase (4.2.1.17), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3, 1.3.99.-) and combinations thereof.

In addition to engineering the cell to produce hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon intermediates, environmental conditions, such as temperature, can also be regulated to change the types of hydrocarbons produced. For example lower temperatures can be used to produce higher numbers of double bonds in a hydrocarbon and higher temperatures may lead to higher levels of saturation. In 1962, Marr and Ingraham published a paper demonstrating that temperature influences the degree of saturation in lipids produced by E. coli (Marr et al., J Bacteriol., 84: 1260-7 (1962)). Low temperatures result in the production of lipids with a greater degree of unsaturation while higher temperatures result in higher quantities of saturated lipids (see, e.g., Example 14). Therefore, reducing the temperatures during production can alter the product to lead to higher degrees of unsaturation in hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon intermediates.

Preferably, the cell comprises an alteration in a gene encoding an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. This alteration can be a deletion, a mutation, or an attenuation of a gene encoding acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. In another preferred embodiment, the cell comprises an alteration in a gene encoding a thioesterase. This alteration can be an overexpression of a gene encoding a thioesterase.

In some examples a peptide having acyl-CoA synthase activity is overexpressed. For example, acyl-CoA synthases such as fadD (NP_416319), fadK (NP_416216), fadD (YP_045024), fadD (NP_438551), BH3103 (NP_243969), yhfL (NP_388908), Pfl4354 (YP 350082), fadD1(NP_251989), fadD2 (NP_251990), fadD (YP_533919), RPC4074 (YP 533919), fadD₁ (NP_520978), fadD35 (NP_217021), fadD22 (NP_217464), and combinations thereof can be expressed, deleted, mutated, or attenuated. Another example of an acyl-CoA synthase is a fadD homolog from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3 (ZP_01644857.1).

In addition, thioesterase expression can be controlled to alter the amount of products and/or the carbon chain length of the products including fatty acyl chains. For example, thioesterases such as tesA without leader sequence (AAC73596), tesB (AAC73555), Uc fatB (Q41635, AAA34215), Ch fatB2 (Q39513, AAC49269), Ch fatB3 (AAC49269, AAC72881), Cc fatB (Q39473, AAC49151), At fatB [M141T](CAA85388), At fatA (NP_189147, NP_193041), Ch fatA (AAC72883), Ha fatA1 (AAL79361), or combinations thereof can be expressed, deleted, mutated, or attenuated.

Optionally, the cell can comprise an acyl-CoA synthase or a thioesterase. For example, the cell can be transformed with an isolated nucleic acid encoding an acyl-CoA synthase or a thioesterase. Alternatively, the cell can be transfected with a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding an acyl-CoA synthase or a thioesterase.

Recombinant organisms can be engineered using the isolated nucleic acids and proteins disclosed herein to produce hydrocarbons and aliphatic ketones that have defined structural characteristics (e.g., degrees of branching, saturation, or carbon chain length). One method of making hydrocarbons involves increasing the expression of, or expressing more active forms of, one or more acyl-condensing enzymes (enzymes that condense more than one acyl-CoA, acyl-ACP, acyl-AMP, acyl-ester, fatty acid, or mixtures thereof). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the products produced from such condensation reactions vary with the acyl chain that is condensed. Products that can be produced include, for example, hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates, such as aliphatic ketones.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that substrates containing a fatty acyl chain and intermediates thereof can be produced using in vitro reactions, including chemical or enzymatic conversions, as well as through in vivo reactions. Additionally, a combination of in vivo and in vitro conversions can be utilized. Moreover, specific aliphatic ketones can be produced by selectively providing selected substrates, such as fatty acids, acyl-ACP, or acyl-CoA for the conversion. Alternatively, hydrocarbons can be produced by selectively providing selected substrates, such as fatty acids, acyl-ACP, acyl-CoA, aliphatic ketones, α-alkyl-β-keto acids, or α-alkyl-β-keto esters for the conversion.

As used herein, the term “fatty acid” means a carboxylic acid having the formula RCOOH. R represents an aliphatic group, preferably an alkyl group. R can comprise between about 4 and about 22 carbon atoms. Fatty acids can be saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated. In a preferred embodiment, the fatty acid is made from a fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.

The terms “convert” or “conversion” refer to the use of either chemical means or biological means (e.g., polypeptides in a reaction) which changes a first intermediate or substrate to a second intermediate or product. The term “chemical conversion” refers to reactions that are not actively facilitated by polypeptides. The term “biological conversion” refers to reactions that are actively facilitated by polypeptides. Conversions can take place in vivo, in vitro, or both. When biological conversions are used, the peptides and/or cells can be immobilized on supports, such as by chemical attachment onto polymer supports. The conversions can be accomplished using any reactor known to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example in a batch or a continuous reactor.

The recombinant organism can convert several intermediates to subsequent intermediates or the recombinant organism can be fed, or placed in contact with, an intermediate that is converted to a product. In certain examples, the recombinant organism is placed in contact with an intermediate, such as an acyl-CoA molecule and that acyl-CoA molecule is then converted into a product.

Given the disclosure provided herein, large scale enzyme production of the Ole proteins (e.g., OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, and OleBC) and homologs thereof is now possible. Briefly, the coding sequences from any one of these peptides or homologs of these peptides (see, e.g., Tables 1 and 2) can be cloned into a high expression plasmid, such as pET-21b(+), pCOLADuet-1 (EMD Chemicals, Inc., Germany), pWH1520 (Mo Bi Tee, Germany) or pHT01 (Mo Bi Tec, Germany). The plasmid can be introduced into a host cell for production of the enzymes. The resulting peptides can then be purified and used in batch production.

When in vitro methods are used, the peptides supplied to the reaction will depend upon the starting material. For example, when a hydrocarbon is desired, acyl-ACP and/or acyl-CoA substrates would be added to an in vitro reaction mixture containing OleA, OleC, and OleD. Similarly, when the starting material is an aliphatic ketone, α-alkyl-β-keto acids, or α-alkyl-β-keto esters, the peptides OleC and OleD can be used in the in vitro reaction.

When a first peptide is used to convert a first intermediate to a second intermediate and then a second peptide is used to convert the second intermediate to a third intermediate, the peptides can be added to the reaction simultaneously or serially. In some examples, where the peptides are added serially, the first peptide can be removed prior to the addition of the second peptide.

Additionally, a combination of chemical conversions and biological conversions can be used to produce a desired product. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that two fatty acids can be condensed to make an aliphatic ketone via chemical conversion, and the resulting aliphatic ketone can then be converted to a hydrocarbon using biological conversions.

Given the disclosure provided herein, aliphatic ketones, hydrocarbons, and intermediates thereof can be produced in a recombinant cell. The recombinant cell can produce one or more peptides encoded by OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleBC and related sequences thereof. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the choice of peptides to express in the recombinant cell will depend upon the desired product and the starting material provided to the cells. For example, if the cell will be supplied with aliphatic ketones and the desired product is a hydrocarbon, then the recombinant cell can be engineered with a nucleotide acid encoding OleC and OleD.

The in vivo methods described herein can also be used in combination with chemical conversions and in vitro biological conversions. For example, a first intermediate can be converted to a second intermediate using a peptide in vitro; the second intermediate can then be fed to a cell that expresses peptides necessary for the conversion of the second intermediate to a third intermediate. In another example, a first intermediate can be converted to a second intermediate via chemical conversion, and then the second intermediate can be fed to a recombinant cell encoding the peptides necessary for subsequent conversions.

Additionally, products can be produced using two or more in vivo reaction steps. For example, a first recombinant cell can be used to convert a first intermediate to a second intermediate. The second intermediate can be released from the cell, for example through passive transport, active transport, or cell lysis, and the second intermediate can then be fed to a second recombinant cell where it is converted to a third intermediate. In some examples, the third intermediate will be the desired product.

The invention allows for the large scale production of aliphatic ketones, hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon intermediates that have defined carbon chain lengths, saturation levels, and branch points. The production of such engineered molecules provides a diversity of products that can be used as fuels and specialty chemicals.

The invention provides a cell transformed with any of the nucleic acids disclosed herein (e.g., nucleic acid sequences encoding any of the polypeptide sequences disclosed herein) or transfected with any of the vectors disclosed herein. Preferably, the cell produces a hydrocarbon or an aliphatic ketone. The hydrocarbon can be an olefin. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon or aliphatic ketone is secreted by the cell. In a preferred embodiment, the cell comprises an isolated nucleic acid encoding OleA. Specifically, the cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding OleA can be a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.

The invention provides a method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising, culturing any cell comprising any of the isolated nucleic acids disclosed herein (e.g., nucleic acid sequences encoding any of the polypeptide sequences disclosed herein) with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce a hydrocarbon. For example, the substrate can be a carbon source, fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, acyl-ACP, α-alkyl-β-keto acid, α-alkyl-β-keto ester, or an aliphatic ketone. Preferably, the productivity of the cell is at least about 3 mg/L/OD₆₀₀. For example, the productivity of the cell can be at least about 5 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 8 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 15 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 20 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, or at least about 30 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.

The invention further provides a method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising, culturing any cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid disclosed herein (e.g., a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the polypeptide sequences disclosed herein) with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce a hydrocarbon comprising isolating a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon can be isolated from the cell or from the medium in which the cell is cultured. The substrate can be, for example, a carbon source, fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, acyl-ACP, α-alkyl-β-keto acid, α-alkyl-β-keto ester, or an aliphatic ketone.

The invention provides a method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising, culturing any cell comprising the isolated nucleic acids disclosed herein (e.g., a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the polypeptide sequences disclosed herein) with a substrate (e.g., a carbon source, fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, acyl-ACP, α-alkyl-fi-keto acid, α-alkyl-β-keto ester, or an aliphatic ketone) under conditions sufficient to produce a hydrocarbon further comprising cracking or refining the hydrocarbon.

The method can produce a hydrocarbon that is monounsaturated or polyunsaturated (e.g., diunsaturated, triunsaturated, etc.). The hydrocarbon can have a carbon chain length of between about 10 to about 40 carbons. For example, the hydrocarbon can have a carbon chain length of between about 15 to about 35, about 17 to about 34, 18 to about 33, about 19 to about 33 carbons, between about 27 to about 33 carbons, between about 29 to about 31 carbons, or about 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33 carbons.

The invention provides a method for producing an aliphatic ketone comprising culturing any cell comprising the isolated nucleic acids disclosed herein (e.g., a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the polypeptide sequences disclosed herein) with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce an aliphatic ketone. For example, the substrate can be a carbon source, fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, acyl-ACP, α-alkyl-β-keto acid, or α-alkyl-β-keto ester. Preferably, the productivity of the cell is at least about 0.1 mg/L/OD₆₀₀. For example, the productivity of the cell can be at least about 0.1 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 1 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 3 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 6 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, at least about 9 mg/L/OD₆₀₀, or at least about 12 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.

The invention further provides a method for producing an aliphatic ketone comprising culturing any cell comprising the isolated nucleic acids disclosed herein with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce an aliphatic ketone comprising isolating an aliphatic ketone. The aliphatic ketone can be isolated from the cell or from the medium in which the cell is cultured

The method can produce an aliphatic ketone that is saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated (e.g., di-unsaturated, tri-unsaturated, etc.). The aliphatic ketone can have a carbon chain length of about 10 to about 40 carbons. For example, the aliphatic ketone can have a carbon chain length of between about 15 to about 35, about 17 to about 34, 18 to about 33, about 19 to about 33 carbons, between about 23 to about 29 carbons, between about 25 to about 27 carbons, or about 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33 carbons.

The invention also provides a method for producing a purified polypeptide comprising culturing any cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid disclosed herein under conditions sufficient to produce the polypeptide encoded by the isolated nucleic acid. Specifically, the polypeptide is OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD or OleBC.

As used herein, the term “purify,” “purified,” or “purification” means the removal or isolation of a molecule from its environment by, for example, isolation or separation. “Substantially purified” molecules are at least about 60% free, preferably at least about 75% free, and more preferably at least about 90% free from other components with which they are associated. As used herein, these terms also refer to the removal of contaminants from a sample. For example, the removal of contaminants can result in an increase in the percentage of olefins in a sample. For example, when olefins are produced in a host cell, the olefins can be purified by the removal of host cell proteins. After purification, the percentage of olefins in the sample is increased.

As used herein, the terms “purify,” “purified,” and “purification” do not require absolute purity. They are relative terms. Thus, for example, when polypeptides are produced in cells, a purified polypeptide is one that is substantially separated from other cellular components (e.g., nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, or hydrocarbons). In another example, a purified olefin preparation is one in which the olefin is substantially free from contaminants, such as those that might be present following fermentation. In some embodiments, an olefin is purified when at least about 50% by weight of a sample is composed of the olefin. In other embodiments, an olefin is purified when at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more by weight of a sample is composed of the olefin.

The invention provides a method for producing an aliphatic ketone comprising incubating a substrate with OleA, under conditions sufficient for producing an aliphatic ketone. Specifically, the substrate can comprise acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, or acyl-ACP.

The invention provides a method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising incubating a substrate with OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleBC, or a combination thereof under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon. The substrate can comprise acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, or acyl-ACP. The OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC proteins used to produce a hydrocarbon can be purified or unpurified proteins. For example, an acyl-CoA substrate can be added to a cell lysate from an organism expressing the ole genes to produce hydrocarbons.

The method for producing a hydrocarbon can comprise incubating a substrate with OleA and OleD under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon. Optionally, the method can comprise OleB. The method can comprise incubating a substrate with OleA, OleC, and OleD under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon. Optionally, the method can comprise OleB.

Acyl-condensing peptides include peptides capable of catalyzing the condensation of acyl-ACP, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, fatty acids, and mixtures thereof using the methods described herein. In some embodiments, these acyl-condensing peptides are have high, medium, or low substrate specificity. In some examples, the acyl-condensing peptides are more substrate specific and will only accept substrates of a specific chain length. Additionally, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some acyl-condensing peptides will catalyze other reactions as well. For example, some acyl-condensing peptides will accept other substrates in addition to acyl-CoA, acyl-ACP, acyl-AMP, acyl-ester, fatty acid, or mixtures thereof. Such non-specific acyl-condensing peptides are, therefore, also included. Examples of acyl-condensing enzymes, in addition to the OleA sequences provided in Table 1, are publicly available.

In an alternate embodiment, OleC and OleD can be used to produce olefins without OleA. In another embodiment, OleC can be used to produce olefins without OleA and OleD.

Mycolic acids are 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy fatty acids produced by bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium). Mycolic acids are often incorporated into bacterial cell walls. These 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy fatty acids are derived from a Claisen condensation followed by a reduction of the keto group. This reaction is similar to the enzymatic reactions performed by OleA and OleD in the hydrocarbon synthesis process described herein. Hence, the first steps in of the mycolic acid pathway can be used to produce the substrates necessary for OleC or the combination of OleC and OleD to produce hydrocarbons. In addition, further genetic modifications to the mycolic acid pathway could increase alkene production levels.

FIG. 20 outlines a proposed synthetic pathway for mycolic acid biosynthesis (see, e.g., Lea-Smith et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282: 11000-11008 (2007) and Portevin et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 101: 314-319 (2004)) and for olefin synthesis by the ole genes. Examination of these two pathways reveals similar intermediates. The product of fatty acid condensation in both pathways is a 2-alkyl-3-keto fatty acyl-CoA or 2-alkyl-3-keto fatty acyl-ACP. As a result, overexpression of oleC and oleD in a mycolic acid producing organism, such as C. glutamicum, may “hijack” the mycolic acid biosynthesis pathway leading to the production of olefins.

In the first scheme, oleC and oleD are overexpressed in a mycolic acid producing organism. An appropriate host organism could be C. glutamicum, a well established industrial host with well worked out genetic tools that is tolerant to the loss of mycolic acid production. The fatty acid specificity of C. glutamicum 's mycolic acid genes is similar to the specificity profiles observed for oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD. The overexpression of oleC and oleD would direct the product of pks13 towards olefin synthesis as outlined in FIG. 21.

In the second scheme, only oleC is overexpressed in a mycolic acid producing organism. This proposed scheme assumes OleC can operating independently on a 2-alkyl-3-hydroxyl fatty acyl intermediate to form olefins. This pathway is highlighted in FIG. 22.

Enhancement of olefin production in a mycolic acid producing strain expressing oleC and oleD can be obtained by completing the following genetic modifications. To prevent the siphoning off of substrates for OleC and OleD, cmrA, or its functional homologue, can be knocked out to prevent the formation of mycolic acid while allowing for the accumulation of 2-alkyl-3-keto fatty acyl-ACP, a substrate for OleD. Additionally, the overexpression of fadD32, accA3, accD4, accD5, or pks13 should increase the production of required mycolic acid intermediates, resulting in greater production of olefins with the overexpression of oleC and oleD.

Generally, there are several methods of identifying peptides having acyl-condensing activity. Product formation using one or more of these methods indicates that the peptide has acyl-condensing activity. In addition to the in vitro assays provided in Example 3, the peptide can be expressed from an exogenous nucleic acid in a cell and then a cell lysate can be prepared. Various substrates such as acyl-CoA, acyl-ACP, acyl-AMP, acyl-ester, fatty acid, or mixtures thereof can be added to the lysate and products can be detected using the GC/MS or GC/FID methods described herein. In another example, the peptide can be purified and incubated with cell lysate from a cell that is not expressing the peptide (hereinafter, wild-type lysate). The purified peptide, wild-type lysate, and various substrates can be incubated. The resulting products can be characterized using the GC/MS or GC/FID methods described herein. In yet another example, acyl-condensing activity can be characterized by incubating purified enzyme and substrate in the presence of cell lysate that has been heated to denature proteins. In another example, purified peptide and various substrates can be incubated, and the resulting product can be characterized using the GC/MS methods described herein. Peptides having acyl-condensing activity are identified as those that produce aliphatic ketones. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that when a cell lysate is used that already contains aliphatic ketones, peptides having acyl-condensing activity will be recognized by an increase in aliphatic ketones compared to the lysate without the addition of substrate (such as an increase of at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, or at least about 90%).

In some cases, the condensation can result in the production of molecules derived from one or more of the substrates. For example, the condensation of two acyl-CoA molecules may produce at least one molecule of CoA. As CoA has a free thiol moiety (RSH), which is highly reactive, this molecule can be detected by a variety of methods. One such method is reaction with dithionitrobenzoic acid (Ellman's reagent) which can be followed spectrophotometrically at 411 nm. Alternatively, CoA can be reacted with monobromobimane and detected by HPLC (Fahey, et al., Methods Enzymol. 143: 85-96, (1987)).

Bioinformatic methods can be used to find acyl-condensing peptides. Acyl-condensations occur through a well known chemical reaction known as the “Claisen condensation”. The Claisen condensation is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base resulting in a β-keto ester or a β-diketone.

Acyl-condensation peptides typically contain a catalytic triad composed of Cys-His-Asn. The condensing enzymes share a common 3-dimensional fold, although they share little similarity at the amino acid level. Their active sites, however, possess significant similarities. (Heath et al, Nat. Prod. Rep., 19: 581-596, (2002)).

Exemplary acyl-condensing peptides include the OleA sequences disclosed herein, for example, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NOs: 135-464, and SEQ ID NOs 478-487, homologs of these sequences, enzymes having one or more of the OleA structural motifs provided herein, and active fragments/variants thereof that display acyl-condensing activity.

Recombinant organisms can be engineered using the peptides disclosed herein to produce hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates having defined structural characteristics (degrees of branching, saturation, and carbon chain length). One method of making hydrocarbon intermediates involves expressing, increasing the expression of, or expressing more active forms of, one or more enzymes, for example, hydrocarbon synthase activity, adenylating peptides, dehydrogenases, dehydratases, or acyl-condensing enzymes. Exemplary enzymes that can be manipulated to increase hydrocarbon production include OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, and OleD, as well as other enzymes that increase or modify fatty acid production. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the products produced from such enzymes vary with the acyl chain of the substrate.

Adenylating peptides include peptides capable of catalyzing the addition of adenosine monophosphate to hydrocarbon intermediates, such as a β-ketoacid, including n-substituted-β-ketoacids, particularly those including an aliphatic hydrocarbon at the α position. As described above, the α-aliphatic group in such intermediates typically is an optionally branched hydrocarbon chain optionally including one or more sites of unsaturation, for example, one, two, or three sites of unsaturation in the hydrocarbon chain. Such adenylating peptides also may be capable of catalyzing the addition of adenosine monophosphate to β-hydroxy keto acids to form a β-ketoester. Methods of identifying such activity are provided herein.

In some examples, the adenylating peptides are more substrate specific and will only accept, for example, CoA or ACP activated β-ketoesters. Additionally, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some adenylating peptides reactions as well. For example, some adenylating peptides will accept other substrates in addition to α-substituted β-keto acids. Such relatively non-specific adenylating peptides are, therefore, also included. Examples of adenylating peptides are publicly available (see, e.g., Tables 1 and 2). Often the adenylating peptide catalyzes additional further reactions, such as the transesterification of the adenylated compound with other activating groups, such as CoA. This activity is considered synthase activity. An example would be the following set of reactions:

R+ATP→R-OPO₃-Adenosine+pyrophosphate  1)

R-OPO3-Adenosine+CoASH→R-SCoA+AMP  2)

There are several methods of identifying peptides having adenylating activity. Product formation using one or more of these methods indicates that the peptide has adenylating activity. In addition to the in vivo assays provided herein, the peptide can be expressed from an exogenous nucleic acid in a cell and then a cell lysate can be prepared. Various substrates such as ATP can be added to the lysate, and products can be detected using the methods described herein. In another example, the peptide can be purified and incubated with cell lysate from a cell that is not expressing the peptide. The purified peptide, wild-type lysate, and various substrates can be incubated. The resulting products can be characterized using the methods described herein. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that when a cell lysate that already contains adenylated products is used, peptides having adenylating activity will be recognized by an increase in either free PPi, AMP α-substituted-β-ketoesters, or AMP α-substituted-β-hydroxyesters compared to the lysate without the addition of substrate. Exemplary adenylating peptides include OleC (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 6), the OleC proteins listed in Table 1, and active fragments/variants thereof which display adenylating activity.

Dehydrogenase peptides include peptides capable of catalyzing the reduction of a keto group in an aliphatic-ketone, an aliphatic β-ketoacid, or an aliphatic β-ketoester molecule to the corresponding hydroxy group (the addition of H₂ across the carbon-oxygen double bond). Methods of identifying such activity are provided herein. In some examples, the dehydrogenase peptides are more substrate specific and will only accept, for example, CoA or ACP esters of α-aliphatic-β-ketoesters. Additionally, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some dehydrogenase peptides will catalyze other reactions as well. For example, some dehydrogenase peptides will accept other substrates in addition to β-ketoesters. Such non-specific dehydrogenase peptides are, therefore, also included. Examples of dehydrogenase peptides are OleD (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 8) and the publicly available dehydrogenases peptides provided in Table 1.

There are several methods of identifying peptides having dehydrogenase activity. Product formation using one or more of these methods indicates that the peptide has dehydrogenase activity. In addition to the in vivo assay provided herein, the peptide can be expressed from an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a cell and then an in vitro assay containing cell lysate or purified peptide can be prepared. Various substrates, such as NADPH and/or NADH, can be added to the assay and products can be detected using the GC/MS methods described herein.

In another example, the peptide can be purified and incubated with cell lysate from a cell that is not expressing the peptide. The purified peptide, wild-type lysate, and various substrates (e.g., fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, acyl-ACP, α-alkyl-β-keto acid, α-alkyl-β-keto ester, or an aliphatic ketone) can be incubated. The resulting products can be characterized using the methods described herein (see, e.g., Example 1).

In yet another example, dehydrogenase activity can be detected by spectrophotometrically monitoring the dehydrogenase dependent oxidation of the NADPH or NADH in the presence of the ketone substrate. The dehydrogenase activity is detected as a decrease in absorbance of the reaction solution at 340 nm.

In yet another example, dehydrogenase activity can be characterized by incubating purified enzyme and substrate (e.g., NAD(P)H, α-aliphatic-β-ketoesters, and/or α-aliphatic-β-ketoacids) in the presence of cell lysate that has been heated to denature proteins. Peptides having dehydrogenase activity are identified as those that produce β-hydroxy acid or ester (particularly, activated ester) molecules from one or more of the above-described reactions. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that when a cell lysate is used that already contains β-hydroxy acid and/or ester products, peptides having dehydrogenase activity will be recognized by an increase in either NADP, β-hydroxy acid, and/or ester molecules compared to the lysate without the addition of substrate.

Exemplary dehydrogenase peptides include OleD (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 8) and the related enzymes shown in Table 1. Additional OleD enzymes can be identified by searching various databases using the OleD motifs provided herein and the methodology described herein.

Also disclosed herein are nucleic acids encoding a peptide having hydrolase activity. In particular, the peptide would have β-keto or β-hydroxy ester hydrolytic activity. Such a peptide likely would catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of all of the substrates described above to produce the corresponding carboxylic acid. Ester hydrolases can be detected by monitoring the production of product, such as the β-ketoacid or β-hydroxyacid by HPLC (or other well-known techniques). In another embodiment, the resulting decrease in pH due to the formation of the free acid can be monitored. Alternatively, ester hydrolysis can be monitored by measuring the accumulation of the moiety released from the fatty ester, such as CoASH, AMP, or phosphate. To those skilled in the art, methods for monitoring these compounds are well known and some of these methods are described above. Phosphate can be monitored, for example, by reaction with molybdate and malachite green. Additional assays can be obtained commercially (e.g., from BioVision, Inc., Mountain View, Calif.).

The invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence encoding OleA which comprises one or more (e.g., about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50) amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions. For example, the isolated polypeptide can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more (e.g., about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50) amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.

The invention provides polypeptides comprising biological activity. The biological activity of the polypeptide can be Claisen condensation activity. Specifically, the biological activity of the polypeptide can be the condensation of two acylthioesters.

The invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, an amino acid sequence encoding OleD which comprises one or more (e.g., about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50) amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions. For example, the isolated polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more (e.g., about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50) amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.

The invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having the same biological activity as an OleA protein. For example, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having the same biological activity as a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 22. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid can comprise (i) a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 21 or a fragment thereof, or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes to a complement of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 21 or to a fragment thereof.

Guidance for performing hybridization reactions can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and nonaqueous methods are described in that reference and either method can be used. Specific hybridization conditions referred to herein are as follows: 1) low stringency hybridization conditions in 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by two washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at least at 50° C. (the temperature of the washes can be increased to 55° C. for low stringency conditions); 2) medium stringency hybridization conditions in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60° C.; 3) high stringency hybridization conditions in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.; and preferably 4) very high stringency hybridization conditions are 0.5M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by one or more washes at 0.2×SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C. Very high stringency conditions (4) are the preferred conditions unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the term “hybridizes” generally refers to low stringency, medium stringency, high stringency, or very high stringency conditions.

The invention provides polypeptides comprising biological activity. The biological activity can be oxidoreductase activity. Specifically, the biological activity can be reduction of a keto-group (e.g., a ketone, aliphatic ketone, α-alkyl-β-keto acid, α-alkyl-β-keto ester).

Hydrocarbon synthase activity is the activity of one or more peptides that causes the conversion of a substrate containing a fatty acyl chain, such as acyl-CoA, acyl-ACP, or fatty acid, to a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon intermediate. Examples of peptides having hydrocarbon synthase activity include Ole A, Ole B, OleC, OleD, and OleBC.

Hydrocarbon synthase activity can be tested, for example, using a complementation assay (see Example 6, below). Organisms that are known to make hydrocarbons upon the expression of OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD can be used as a test host. For example, if a candidate OleC is being tested for hydrocarbon synthase activity, then the test host is engineered to express only oleA and oleD, but not oleC. The candidate oleC is then expressed in the test host which lacks oleC. The candidate OleC is deemed to have hydrocarbon synthase activity if the test host produces hydrocarbons.

Using the OleA, OleBC or OleC, and OleD sequences provided herein and the complementation assay described in Example 6, additional hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon intermediate-forming genes can be identified. Hydrocarbons and intermediates thereof can be formed by expressing OleA, OleBC or OleC, and OleD in E. coli. Therefore, E. coli engineered to make hydrocarbons or other organisms that naturally produce hydrocarbons (e.g., S. maltophilia, C. aggregans, X. axonopodis, or A. aurescens) can be used to determine the hydrocarbon synthase activity of a specific DNA sequence or protein when that specific DNA sequence to be tested is not expressed in the host cell.

As used herein, a “host cell” is a cell used to produce a product described herein (e.g., an olefin described herein). A host cell can be modified to express or overexpress selected genes or to have attenuated expression of selected genes.

As an example, when the DNA sequence to be tested encodes a homolog of an OleA protein sequence, it is expressed in a host that is already expressing the oleC and oleD sequences, but not the oleA sequences. The homolog of OleA is deemed to be active (i.e., has hydrocarbon synthase activity) if the host produces hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon intermediates when expressing the homolog of oleA.

The invention provides a method for identifying an enzyme useful for the production of hydrocarbons comprising (i) transforming a cell comprising polypeptides selected from the group consisting of (a) OleA and OleD, (b) OleA and OleC, and (c) OleC and OleD with a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme suspected of having the ability to produce hydrocarbons; and (ii) determining whether the cell produces hydrocarbons, wherein the existence of hydrocarbon production by the cell indicates that the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide useful for the production of hydrocarbons.

For example, the method can comprise (i) transforming a cell comprising polypeptides selected from the group consisting of (a) OleA and OleD, (b) OleA and OleC, (c) OleC and OleD, (d) OleA and OleBC, and (e) OleBC and OleD with a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme suspected of having the ability to produce hydrocarbons, wherein the OleA shares at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, or SEQ ID NO: 18; wherein the OleC shares at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 88; and wherein the OleD shares at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO: 22, with a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme suspected of having the ability to produce hydrocarbons; and (ii) determining whether the cell produces hydrocarbons, wherein the existence of hydrocarbon production by the cell indicates that the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide useful for the production of hydrocarbons.

Organisms that produce hydrocarbons naturally (without genetic engineering) can be engineered to overproduce hydrocarbons or produce hydrocarbon with specific carbon chain characteristics by altering the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway as described herein. Exemplary organisms that are known to produce hydrocarbons and can be engineered to alter hydrocarbon production using the teachings provided herein include, but are not limited to, Acinetobacter spp., Chloroflexus spp., Kineococcus radiotolerans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Micrococcus spp., Arthrobacter spp., Vibrio furnissii, and cyanobacteria. These genetically engineered recombinant organisms are useful for producing hydrocarbons.

Genetically engineered recombinant organisms also can be used to produce aliphatic ketones. For example, organisms having oleA, oleC, and oleD can be engineered to produce aliphatic ketones by deleting or attenuating genes encoding oleC and oleD. The resulting genetically engineered organism produces ketones as a result of the expression of endogenous oleA when oleC and oleD are deleted or attenuated. Organisms having oleA and oleC can be engineered to produce aliphatic ketones by deleting or attenuating the gene encoding oleC. Similarly, organisms having oleA and oleD can be engineered to produce aliphatic ketones by deleting or attenuating the gene encoding oleD. The resulting genetically engineered organism produces ketones as a result of the expression of endogenous oleA when oleC or oleD is deleted or attenuated.

In other examples, recombinant organisms that produce hydrocarbons are engineered to overexpresses one or more peptides selected from OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleBC, and combinations thereof. These genes can be overexpressed in organisms that naturally produce hydrocarbons, such as those described above, or they can be overexpressed in organisms that do not naturally produce hydrocarbons.

As used herein, “overexpress” means to express or cause to be expressed a nucleic acid, polypeptide, or hydrocarbon in a cell at a greater concentration than is normally expressed in a corresponding wild-type cell. For example, a polypeptide can be “overexpressed” in a recombinant cell when the polypeptide is present in a greater concentration in the recombinant cell compared to its concentration in a non-recombinant cell of the same species.

Examples of recombinant organisms that overexpress a peptide include organisms that express nucleic acids encoding OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleBC, or combinations thereof. Other examples include organisms that have had exogenous promoter sequences introduced upstream of the endogenous coding sequence of OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleBC, or combinations thereof. In some examples, overexpression of one or more fatty acid biosynthetic pathway altering genes can be overexpressed in combination with OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, or OleD.

Recombinant organisms (for instance, bacterial, fungal or eukaryotic cells) are provided that are genetically engineered (for instance, transformed, transduced, or transfected) with one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more of OleA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18), OleB (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 10), OleC (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 88), OleD (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22), or a variant or homolog of one or more of these sequences. These sequences can be expressed from vector constructs, directly from the chromosome after gene integration or from extrachromosomal arrays. For example, an OleA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2), OleC (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 6), or OleD (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 8) protein is encoded by a nucleic acid that is operably linked to gene expression control elements that are functional in the desired recombinant organism, for instance a T7 promoter in E. coli.

As used herein, “control element” means a transcriptional control element. Control elements include promoters and enhancers. The term “promoter element,” “promoter,” or “promoter sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that functions as a switch that activates the expression of a gene. If the gene is activated, it is said to be transcribed or participating in transcription. Transcription involves the synthesis of mRNA from the gene. A promoter, therefore, serves as a transcriptional regulatory element and also provides a site for initiation of transcription of the gene into mRNA. Control elements interact specifically with cellular proteins involved in transcription (Maniatis et al., Science 236: 1237 (1987)).

Methods of expressing proteins in heterologous expression systems are well known in the art. Typically, a bacterial or yeast recombinant organism is transformed by natural transformation, electroporation, conjugation, or transduction. The resulting expression construct can be either extrachromosomal, as with a plasmid, or integrated into the chromosome after recombination. In eukaryotic cells, typically, a recombinant organism is transfected with (or infected with a virus containing) an expression vector using any method suitable for the particular recombinant organism. Such transfection methods are also well known in the art and non-limiting exemplary methods are described herein. The transformed recombinant organism is capable of expressing the protein encoded by the nucleic acid in the expression cassette. In another embodiment, transient or stable transfection of the recombinant organism with one or more expression vectors could also be performed.

Many different types of recombinant organisms can be used to produce the proteins provided herein, such as bacteria, yeasts, algae, fungi, insects, vertebrate cells (such as mammalian cells), and plant cells, including (as appropriate) primary cells and immortal cell lines. Numerous representatives of each cell type are commonly used and are available from a wide variety of commercial sources, including, for example, ATCC, Pharmacia, and Invitrogen.

Various yeast strains and yeast derived vectors are used commonly for the production of heterologous proteins. For instance, specific, non-limiting examples of suitable yeast cells include Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, Aspergillus cells, Trichoderma cells, Neurospora cells, Fusarium cells, or Chrysosporium cells. In one specific, non-limiting example, Pichia pastoris expression systems, obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.), can be used to produce an OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, or OleD peptide. Such systems include suitable Pichia pastoris strains, vectors, reagents, transformants, sequencing primers, and media. For example, available strains include, but are not limited to, KM71H (a prototrophic strain), SMD11681H (a prototrophic strain), and SMD1168 (a pep4 mutant strain) (Invitrogen).

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is another species of yeast commonly used as a host. The plasmid YRp7 (Stinchcomb et al., Nature, 282: 39, (1979); Kingsman et al., Gene, 7: 141, (1979); Tschemper et al., Gene, 10: 157, (1980)) is commonly used as an expression vector in a mutant Saccharomyces which cannot produce tryptophan. This plasmid contains the trp gene which when transformed into the mutant strain of yeast allows the mutant strain of yeast to produce tryptophan and grow in the absence of tryptophan. Examples of host strains where the trp1 gene can be used as a selection marker include, but are not limited to, ATCC No. 44,076 and PEP4-1 (Jones, Genetics, 23: 12, (1977)). The presence of the trp1 lesion in the yeast recombinant organism genome provides an effective characteristic for detecting transformation by growth in the absence of tryptophan.

Yeast recombinant organisms can be transformed using the polyethylene glycol method, as described by Hinnen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75: 1929, (1978). Additional yeast transformation protocols are set forth in Gietz et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 20(17): 1425, (1992) and Reeves et al., FEMS, 99(2-3): 193-197, (1992).

Many cellular organisms, such as yeast, animals, and bacteria, produce lipids as essential components of their cell membranes. The methods by which these organism produce the fatty acyl groups used as lipids are highly conserved. Nevertheless, there are variations in the pathways that can influence the availability of some of the lipid intermediates, such as acyl-coA and acyl-ACP. These lipid intermediates are also key substrates in the production of aliphatic ketones and hydrocarbons by the Ole proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, acyl-coA is bound to an acyl-coenzyme A-binding protein (ACBP), which protects the acyl-coA's from hydrolysis by thioesterases (see, e.g., Rose et al., PNAS, 89: 11287-11291 (1992), Feddersen et al., Biochem. J., 407: 219-230 (2007)). The Ole proteins would compete with the ACBP for acyl-coA to use as a substrate for hydrocarbon or aliphatic ketone synthesis. Therefore, modifications to ACBP may be necessary to reduce its competition for acyl-CoA. Conditional mutations in the ACBP have been shown in the literature to release pools of acyl-CoA in S. cerevisiae (see, e.g., Gaigg et al., Mol. BIol. Cell, 12: 1147-1160 (2001)). Therefore, expression of the ole genes in a host strain in which there is control over the amount of free acyl-CoA available, such as the S. cerevisiae Y700pGAL1-ACB1 strain (see, e.g., Gaigg et al., supra), should lead to higher levels of aliphatic ketones or hydrocarbons produced.

In the construction of suitable expression vectors, the termination sequences associated with these genes are also ligated into the 3′ region of the sequence desired to be expressed. Any plasmid vector containing a yeast-compatible promoter capable of transcribing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a prokaryotic tRNA, an origin of replication, and a termination sequence, is suitable.

Other suitable recombinant organisms are bacterial cells. Specific, non-limiting examples of suitable bacterial phyla which could be recombinant organisms include Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Aquificae, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes, Cyanobacteria, Deferribacteres, Deinococcus, Thermus, Dictyoglomi, Fibrobacteres, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Gemrnmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Nitrospira, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Thermodesiulfobacteria, Thermomicrobia, Thermotogae, and Verrucomicrobia.

Specific, non-limiting examples, of bacterial species which could be used as recombinant organisms include Escherichia coli, Thermus thermophilus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Methanococcusjannaschii, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanopyrus kandleri, Halobacterium such as Haloferax volcanii and Halobacterium species NRC-i, Archaeoglobusfulgidus, Pyrococcus fit riosus, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, Pyrococcus abyssi, Sulfolobus solfataricus, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Aeuropyrum pernix, Thermoplasma acidophilum, and Thermoplasma volcanium.

In one embodiment, the recombinant organism is an E. coli cell, a S. maltophilia cell, a Pseudomonas sp. cell, a Bacillus sp. cell, an Actinomycetes cell or cells belonging to the genus Rhodococcus. Introduction of the construct into the recombinant organism can be accomplished by a variety of methods including, but not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, liposome mediated transfection, conjugation, natural transformation, electroporation, and other methods known in the art.

Still other suitable recombinant organisms are plant cells (e.g., club mosses, ferns, angiosperms, or gymnosperms). Additional suitable recombinant organisms include, but not limited to, algae, mosses, and lichens. Any known method can be employed for plant cell transformation, culture, and regeneration can be employed. Methods for introduction of foreign DNA into plant cells include, but are not limited to, transfer involving the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and appropriate Ti vectors, including binary vectors; chemically induced transfer (for instance, with polyethylene glycol); biolistics; and microinjection. See, for instance, An et al., Plant Molecular Biology Manual, A3: 1-19 (1988). Various promoters suitable for expression of heterologous genes in plant cells are known in the art, including constitutive promoters, for example the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, which is expressed in many plant tissues, organ- or tissue-specific promoters, and promoters that are inducible by chemicals, such as methyl jasminate, salicylic acid, or safeners.

Recombinant organisms are grown under appropriate conditions to a suitable cell density. If the sequence of interest is operably linked to an inducible promoter, the appropriate environmental alteration is made to induce expression. If the product (e.g., hydrocarbon) accumulates in the recombinant organism, the cells are harvested, for example, by centrifugation or filtration. Whole cell extractions can be performed to purify the products from the whole cells. In an alternate embodiment, a whole culture extraction, wherein the organism, medium, and product are collected together, could be performed to recover the desired product. The whole culture extract can then be purified to obtain the desired product. If the recombinant organisms secrete the product into the medium, the cells and medium are separated. The medium is then retained for purification of the desired product.

The invention provides a genetically engineered organism comprising an exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of an organism upstream of a genomic nucleic acid sequence that (a) has at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of an ole gene and (b) encodes a polypeptide. For example, the genetically engineered organism can comprise an exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of an organism upstream of a genomic nucleic acid sequence that has at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 87, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of SEQ ID NOs: 135-464. Preferably, the genetically engineered organism can comprise an exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of an organism upstream of a genomic nucleic acid sequence that has at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO: 87.

In a preferred embodiment, the genetically engineered organism comprises an exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of an organism upstream of a genomic nucleic acid sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO: 87.

The invention also provides a genetically engineered organism prepared by (a) providing an organism having a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence if an ole gene and (b) deleting or mutating the nucleic acid sequence. For example, the genetically engineered organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 87, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of SEQ ID NOs: 135-464. Preferably, the genetically engineered organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 35% (e.g., at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%) sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO: 87.

In a preferred embodiment, the genetically engineered organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO: 87.

The genetically engineered organism can be any organism amenable to genetic engineering. Preferably, the genetically engineered organism is selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum A, Clostridium botulinum A3, Clostridium botulinum B1, Clostridium botulinum Bf, Clostridium botulinum F, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp. GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodoeoccus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens, Shewanella amazonensis, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halfaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa.

In a preferred embodiment, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of a genetically engineered organism increases the expression of the polypeptide encoded by the genomic nucleic acid sequence relative to the expression of the same polypeptide in the organism prior to the incorporation of the exogenous nucleic acid sequence under the same conditions. Preferably, the genetically engineered organism produces an increased amount of a hydrocarbon relative to the production of a hydrocarbon in a wild-type organism under the same conditions.

In a preferred embodiment, the deletion or mutation of the nucleic acid sequence in the genetically engineered organism results in a decreased production of a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence relative to the production of the same polypeptide in the organism prior to deletion or mutation of the nucleic acid sequence under the same conditions. Preferably, the genetically engineered organism produces ketones. For example, the genetically engineered organism can produce an increased amount of ketones relative to the production of ketones in the organism prior to deletion or mutation of the nucleic acid sequence under the same conditions.

The invention provides methods of making aliphatic ketones, hydrocarbons, and intermediates thereof. Various recombinant organisms are provided that can be used to produce products having engineered carbon chain lengths, site of unsaturation, and branch points. Methods of making such products are also provided as well as methods of further modifying the products, such as through cracking, to create high quality biofuels and specialty chemicals.

The aliphatic ketones, hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon intermediates can be engineered to have specific carbon chain characteristics by expressing various enzymes or attenuating the expression of various enzymes in the recombinant organism. For example, carbon chain length can be controlled by expressing various thioesterases in the recombinant organism while attenuating the expression of endogenous thioesterases. Similarly, various branch points can be introduced into the carbon chain by expressing various branched chain α-ketoacid decarboxylase/dehydrogenase genes (e.g., bkd genes), and the degree of saturation can also be controlled by expressing various genes, for example, by overexpressing β-keto-ACP-synthase genes (e.g., fabB). A detailed description of the various modifications which can be included in a recombinant organism to provide specific carbon chain characteristics and to increase fatty acid biosynthetic pathway production is provided in the International Patent Application Publication WO 2007/136762, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

The invention provides a method for producing biofuels comprising any of the methods described herein. As used therein, the term “biofuel” refers to any fuel derived from biomass. Biofuels can be substituted for petroleum based fuels. For example, biofuels are inclusive of transportation fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.), heating fuels, and electricity-generating fuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy source. Specifically, the biofuel produced can be a gasoline, biodiesel, or jet fuel.

Biofuels comprising biologically produced hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons biologically produced using the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, have not been produced from renewable sources and, as such, are new compositions of matter. These new fuels can be distinguished from fuels derived from petrochemical carbon on the basis of dual carbon-isotopic fingerprinting or ¹⁴C dating. Additionally, the specific source of biosourced carbon (e.g., glucose vs. glycerol) can be determined by dual carbon-isotopic fingerprinting (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,588, which is herein incorporated by reference).

The ability to distinguish biofuels from petroleum based fuels is beneficial in tracking these materials in commerce. For example, fuels or chemicals comprising both biologically based and petroleum based carbon isotope profiles may be distinguished from fuels and chemicals made only of petroleum based materials. Hence, the instant materials may be followed in commerce on the basis of their unique carbon isotope profile.

Biofuels can be distinguished from petroleum based fuels by comparing the stable carbon isotope ratio (¹³C/¹²C) in each fuel. The ¹³C/¹²C ratio in a given biologically based material is a consequence of the ¹³C/¹²C ratio in atmospheric carbon dioxide at the time the carbon dioxide is fixed. It also reflects the precise metabolic pathway. Regional variations also occur. Petroleum, C₃ plants (the broadleaf), C₄ plants (the grasses), and marine carbonates all show significant differences in ¹³C/¹²C and the corresponding δ¹³C values. Furthermore, lipid matter of C₃ and C₄ plants analyze differently than materials derived from the carbohydrate components of the same plants as a consequence of the metabolic pathway.

Within the precision of measurement, ¹³C shows large variations due to isotopic fractionation effects, the most significant of which for biofuels is the photosynthetic mechanism. The maijor cause of differences in the carbon isotope ratio in plants is closely associated with differences in the pathway of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in the plants, particularly the reaction occurring during the primary carboxylation (i.e., the initial fixation of atmospheric CO₂). Two large classes of vegetation are those that incorporate the “C₃” (or Calvin-Benson) photosynthetic cycle and those that incorporate the “C₄” (or Hatch-Slack) photosynthetic cycle.

In C₃ plants, the primary CO₂ fixation or carboxylation reaction involves the enzyme ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and the first stable product is a 3-carbon compound. C₃ plants, such as hardwoods and conifers, are dominant in the temperate climate zones.

In C₄ plants, an additional carboxylation reaction involving another enzyme, phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase, is the primary carboxylation reaction. The first stable carbon compound is a 4-carbon acid which is subsequently decarboxylated. The CO₂ thus released is refixed by the C₃ cycle. Examples of C₄ plants are tropical grasses, corn, and sugar cane.

Both C₄ and C₃ plants exhibit a range of ¹³C/¹²C isotopic ratios, but typical values are about −7 to about −13 per mil for C₄ plants and about −19 to about −27 per mil for C₃ plants (see, e.g., Stuiver et al., Radiocarbon, 19: 355 (1977)). Coal and petroleum fall generally in this latter range. The ¹³C measurement scale was originally defined by a zero set by Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) limestone, where values are given in parts per thousand deviations from this material. The “δ¹³C”, values are in parts per thousand (per mil), abbreviated, %0, and are calculated as follows:

δ¹³C(%)=[(¹³C/¹²C)_(sample)−(¹³C/¹²C)_(standard)]/(¹³C/¹²C)_(standard)×¹⁰⁰⁰

Since the PDB reference material (RM) has been exhausted, a series of alternative RMs have been developed in cooperation with the IAEA, USGS, NIST, and other selected international isotope laboratories. Notations for the per mil deviations from PDB is δ¹³C. Measurements are made on CO₂ by high precision stable ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) on molecular ions of masses 44, 45, and 46.

The invention provides a hydrocarbon or biofuel produced by any of the methods disclosed herein. Specifically, the hydrocarbon or biofuel can have a δ¹³C of about −28 or greater, about −27 or greater, −20 or greater, −18 or greater, −15 or greater, −13 or greater, −10 or greater, and −8 or greater. For example, the hydrocarbon can have a δ¹³C of about −30 to about −15, about −27 to about −19, about −25 to about −21, about −15 to about −5, about −13 to about −7, about −13 to about −10. The invention also provides for a hydrocarbon or biofuel with a δ¹³C of about −10, −11, −12, or −12.3.

Biofuels can also be distinguished from petroleum based fuels by comparing the amount of ¹⁴C in each fuel. Because ¹⁴C has a nuclear half life of 5730 years, petroleum based fuels containing “older” carbon can be distinguished from biofuels which contain “newer” carbon (see, e.g., Currie, “Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Particles,” Characterization of Environmental Particles, J. Buffle and H. P. van Leeuwen, Eds., 1 of Vol. I of the IUPAC Environmental Analytical Chemistry Series (Lewis Publishers, Inc) (1992) 3-74).

The basic assumption in radiocarbon dating is that the constancy of ¹⁴C concentration in the atmosphere leads to the constancy of ¹⁴C in living organisms. However, because of atmospheric nuclear testing since 1950 and the burning of fossil fuel since 1850, ¹⁴C has acquired a second, geochemical time characteristic. Its concentration in atmospheric CO₂, and hence in the living biosphere, approximately doubled at the peak of nuclear testing, in the mid-1960s. It has since been gradually returning to the steady-state cosmogenic (atmospheric) baseline isotope rate (¹⁴C/¹²C) of about 1.2×10⁻¹², with an approximate relaxation “half-life” of 7-10 years. (This latter half-life must not be taken literally; rather, one must use the detailed atmospheric nuclear input/decay function to trace the variation of atmospheric and biospheric ¹⁴C since the onset of the nuclear age.)

It is this latter biospheric ¹⁴C time characteristic that holds out the promise of annual dating of recent biospheric carbon. ¹⁴C can be measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), with results given in units of “fraction of modern carbon” (f_(M)). f_(M) is defined by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 4990B and 4990C. As used herein, “fraction of modern carbon” or “f_(M)” has the same meaning as defined by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 4990B and 4990C, known as oxalic acids standards HOxI and HOxII, respectively. The fundamental definition relates to 0.95 times the ¹⁴C/¹²C isotope ratio HOxI (referenced to AD 1950). This is roughly equivalent to decay-corrected pre-Industrial Revolution wood. For the current living biosphere (plant material), f_(M) is approximately 1.1.

The invention provides a hydrocarbon or biofuel which can have an f_(M) ¹⁴C of at least about 1. For example, the hydrocarbon or biofuel can have an f_(M) ¹⁴C of at least about 1.01, an f_(M) ¹⁴C of about 1 to about 1.5, an f_(M) ¹⁴C of about 1.04 to about 1.18, or an f_(M) ¹⁴C of about 1.111 to about 1.124.

Another measurement of ¹⁴C is known as the percent of modern carbon, pMC. For an archaeologist or geologist using ¹⁴C dates, AD 1950 equals “zero years old”. This also represents 100 pMC. “Bomb carbon” in the atmosphere reached almost twice the normal level in 1963 at the peak of thermo-nuclear weapons. Its distribution within the atmosphere has been approximated since its appearance, showing values that are greater than 100 pMC for plants and animals living since AD 1950. It has gradually decreased over time with today's value being near 107.5 pMC. This means that a fresh biomass material, such as corn, would give a ¹⁴C signature near 107.5 pMC. Petroleum based compounds will have a pMC value of zero. Combining fossil carbon with present day carbon will result in a dilution of the present day pMC content. By presuming 107.5 pMC represents the ¹⁴C content of present day biomass materials and 0 pMC represents the ¹⁴C content of petroleum based products, the measured pMC value for that material will reflect the proportions of the two component types. For example, a material derived 100% from present day soybeans would give a radiocarbon signature near 107.5 pMC. If that material was diluted 50% with petroleum based products, it would give a radiocarbon signature of approximately 54 pMC.

A biologically based carbon content is derived by assigning 100% equal to 107.5 pMC and 0% equal to 0 pMC. For example, a sample measuring 99 pMC will give an equivalent biologically based carbon content of 93%. This value is referred to as the mean biologically based carbon result and assumes all the components within the analyzed material originated either from present day biological material or petroleum based material.

The invention provides a hydrocarbon or biofuel which can have a pMC of at least about 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100. The invention further provides for a hydrocarbon or fuel which has a pMC of between about 50 to about 100, about 60 to about 100, about 70 to about 100, about 80 to about 100, about 85 to about 100, and about 87 to about 98, about 90 to about 95. The invention further provides for a hydrocarbon or biofuel with a pMC of about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 94.2.

The hydrocarbon can be an olefin. The olefin can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated (e.g., diunsaturated, triunsaturated, etc.). The olefin can have a carbon chain length of between about 10 to about 40 carbons. For example, the olefin can have a carbon chain length of between about 15 to about 35, about 17 to about 34, 18 to about 33, about 19 to about 33 carbons, between about 27 to about 33 hydrocarbons, between about 29 to about 31 hydrocarbons, or about 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33 hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon can be a straight chain hydrocarbon or a branched chain hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon can comprise a cyclic moiety.

The invention provides a biofuel comprising the hydrocarbons disclosed herein. The biofuel can be gasoline, biodiesel, or jet fuel. The biofuel can be derived from a carbon source. As used herein, the phrase “carbon source” refers to a substrate or compound suitable to be used as a source of carbon for prokaryotic or simple eukaryotic cell growth. Carbon sources can be in various forms, including, but not limited to polymers, carbohydrates, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amino acids, peptides, and gases (e.g., CO and CO2). These include, for example, various monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose; oligosaccharides, such as fructo-oligosaccharide and galacto-oligosaccharide; polysaccharides such as xylose and arabinose; disaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose, and turanose; cellulosic material, such as methyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; saturated or unsaturated fatty acid esters, such as succinate, lactate, and acetate; alcohols, such as ethanol or mixtures thereof. The carbon source can also be a product of photosynthesis, including, but not limited to, glucose.

A preferred carbon source is biomass. As used herein, the term “biomass” refers to a carbon source derived from biological material. Biomass can be converted into a biofuel. One exemplary source of biomass is plant matter. For example, corn, sugar cane, or switchgrass can be used as biomass. Another non-limiting example of biomass is animal matter, for example cow manure. Biomass also includes waste products from industry, agriculture, forestry, and households. Examples of such waste products that can be used as biomass are fermentation waste, straw, lumber, sewage, garbage, and food leftovers. Biomass also includes sources of carbon, such as carbohydrates (e.g., monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides). Another preferred carbon source is glucose. Preferably, the carbon source is a renewable energy source. The renewable energy source can be a biomass.

The following examples further illustrate the invention, but, should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.

Example 1

This example describes materials and methods used in carrying out the examples within this patent. Although particular methods are described, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other, similar methods also can be used. In general, standard laboratory practices were used, unless otherwise stipulated. For example, standard laboratory practices were used for: cloning; manipulation and sequencing of nucleic acids; purification and analysis of proteins; and other molecular biological and biochemical techniques. Such techniques are explained in detail in standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook et al., supra; and Ausubel et al., supra.

Genome Sequences:

The complete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is available to the public for two different strains. The complete genome sequence for S. maltophilia R551-3 can be found at http://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/smal/(last accessed on May 16, 2007). The complete genome sequence for S. maltophilia strain K279a can be found at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_maltophilia/(last accessed on May 16, 2007). The nucleic acid sequences encoding the proteins described herein are found in both sequenced genomes and were experimentally confirmed in the S. maltophilia strain from ATCC 17679. In addition, some of the protein activities were confirmed in E. coli, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and S. cerevisiae using nucleic acid sequences and codon optimized nucleic acid sequences as described herein.

Microbial Strains:

The microbial strains used herein were as follows: S. maltophilia (ATCC strain numbers: 17674, 17679, 17445, 17666); S. maltophilia ATCC 17679 ΔoleA S. maltophilia ATCC 17679 ΔoleC S. maltophilia ATCC 17679 ΔoleD E. coli T7 Express lysY/I^(q) (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass. 01938-2723) E. coli C41(DE3) (Lucigen Corporation, Middleton, Wis. 53562) E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE (the E. coli C41(DE3) strain from Lucigen Corporation, Middleton, Wis. 53562 with a deletion of the fadE gene EC 1.3.99.3, an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Klein, K. et al., Eur. J. Biochem. III 19: 442-450 (1971)). E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE; pET-21b(+)_OleA, pCOLADuet-1_OleC, pCDFDuet-1_OleD E. coli C41 (DE3); pET-21b(+)_OleA E. coli C41 (DE3); pET-21b(+)_OleB E. coli C41(DE3); pET-21b(+)_OleD E. coli C41(DE3); pETDuet-1_OleAB; pCOLADuet-1_OleCD E. coli MG1655 ΔfadE (the E. coli MG1655 with a deletion of the fadE gene) E. coli MG1655 ΔfadE, fadD (+) (the E. coli MG1655 strain with a deletion of the fadE gene and a T5 promoter sequence upstream of fadD) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen, teleomorph BY4741 (ATCC 201388) S. cerevisiae BY4741; pESC-HIS_OleA Bacillus megaterium WH320 (strain from Mo Bi Tec, Germany) B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520_OleCDAB B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520 Bacillus subtilis IHA01 lacA::spec leuB8 metB5 r(−)m(+) Sp (strain from Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Columbus, Ohio strain number BGSC 1A785) B. subtilis IHA01, pHT01_OleA Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 (strain from ATCC BAA-1386)

Resistance markers: AmpR, ampicillin/carbenicillin (100 μg/mL); KanR, kanamycin (30 μg/mL); CamR, chloramphenicol (34 μg/mL); SmR, streptomycin/spectinomycin (50 μg/mL); and tetracycline (15 μg/mL E. coli, B. megaterium, 50 μg/mL S. maltophilia) resistance markers were used in the examples described herein.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

PCR was used to amplify the specified nucleic acid sequences from DNA to create many of the expression constructs described herein. The primers used for the PCR reactions described herein are listed in Table 14. The plasmids are listed in Table 15.

TABLE 14 Name Sequence 5′ to 3′ Gene 1: /locus_tag = “OleA” LB118 GATACATATGCTCTTCAAGAATGTCTCG (SEQ ID NO: 29) LB119 TCAGCTCGAGCCAGACCACTTCAGCCATCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 30) Gene 2: /locus_tag = “OleC” LB155 GATACATATGAACCGACCCTGCAATATTGC (SEQ ID NO: 31) LB159 TCAGCTCGAGTCATGCGCGCTTCTCCAGTTCGGCGCTGGC (SEQ ID NO: 32) Gene 3: /locus_tag = “OleD” LB157 GATACATATGAAGATCCTGGTCACCGGTGGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 33) LB158 TCAGCTCGAGCTATGCGGCAGATGAAGCCTTCAT (SEQ ID NO: 34) Gene 4: /locus_tag = “OleB” LB151 GATACATATGTCCCAGCTTCCCGGTTACC (SEQ ID NO: 35) LB152 TCAGCTCGAGTCAGATCGGGTTCTTGTCCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 36) Gene 1 and 4 as an operon LB118 GATACATATGCTCTTCAAGAATGTCTCG (SEQ ID NO: 29) LB152 TCAGCTCGAGTCAGATCGGGTTCTTGTCCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 36) Gene 2 and 3 as an operon LB155 GATACATATGAACCGACCCTGCAATATTGC (SEQ ID NO: 31) LB158 TCAGCTCGAGCTATGCGGCAGATGAAGCCTTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 34) Primers used to clone additional hydrocarbon producing genes LF305 GGATACATGTTATTCAAAAATGTATCTATC (SEQ ID NO: 37) LF306 CTCGAGAAGCTTACCACACAACCTCAGCC (SEQ ID NO: 38) LF307 GGATACATGTTATTTCAGAATGTTTCTATCGC (SEQ ID NO: 39) LF308 CTCGAGAAGCTTACCAAACCACTTCGGCCATGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 40) LF313 GGATACATGTTATTCAAGCACGTCATGATCG (SEQ ID NO: 41) LF314 CTCGAGAAGCTTACCACGTAACGGACATCATAG (SEQ ID NO: 42) Primers to clone oleA into S. cerevisiae expression vector pESC-HIS LB217 CAATGGGCCCAAAACAATGCTCTTCAAGAATGTCTCG (SEQ ID NO: 43) LB304 TCATCTCGAGTTACCAGACCACTTCAGCCATCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 44) Primers to clone oleA into pCL1920pTrc vector LB189 GATCACATGTTATTCAAGAATGTCTCGATCG (SEQ ID NO: 45) Primers to clone fadD into the Duet vectors, pCDFDuet-1 or pETDuet-1 fadD_F CATGCCATGGTGAAGAAGGTTTGGCTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 46) fadD_R CCCAAGCTTTCAGGCTTTATTGTCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 47) Primers to replace fadD promoter with T5 promoter LB284 TTTTTAAAGAAAAAGAAACAGCGGCTGGTCCGCTGTTTCTGCATTCTTACGGATGCAT ATGGCGGCCGC (SEQ ID NO: 48) LB285 AACCTTCTTCAATTCTTCACCTCTAAAATGCGTGTTCGTCGTCATCGCAATTGAATCT ATTATAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAAAGCAAATAAATTTTTTATGATTTGTATCGATAAG CTGGATCCA (SEQ ID NO: 49) Primers used to clone thioesterase genes TesA_F CATATGGCGGACACGTTATTGATT (SEQ ID NO: 50) TesA_R CCTAGGTTATGAGTCATGATTTACTAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 51) CcFatB_F TCTAGAGTCTCGAGACATATGCTCCCAGATTGGAGTATGTT (SEQ ID NO: 52) CcFatB_R TCTAGACGCTCTAAGCTTCCTAGGTTAAACGCTACTCT (SEQ ID NO: 53) ChFatB2_F TCTAGAGTCTCGAGACATATGCTCCCCGATTGGTCCCG (SEQ ID NO: 54) ChFatB2_R TCTAGACGCTCTAAGCTTCCTAGGTTAAGAGACCGAATT (SEQ ID NO: 55) UcFatB1_F TCTAGAGTCTCGAGACATATGCTCCCTGATTGGAGTATGTTA (SEQ ID NO: 56) UcFatB1_R TCTAGACGCTCTAAGCTTCCTAGGTTAAACGCGCG (SEQ ID NO: 57) Primers used to make vector constructs used to delete the oleA open reading frame in S. maltophilia LB200 GTCAGCGGTGACTTTGTTACCAGACGAAGACATCGAGGTTAGCGCCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 58) LB201 CTTGGCGCTAACCTCGATGCTCTTCGTCTGGTAACAAAGTCACCGCTGAC (SEQ ID NO: 59) LB202 GCTCTAGAGGTCAACCGCATCCGCAACATCC (SEQ ID NO: 60) LB203 CTTCACCTCGCGCCTGAACATGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 61) LB204 TGACAAGCTTAGCGCGGCCTGGAAGCCCTTCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 62) LB205 AAGGCCAGCCCGCAGTGCGACAAG (SEQ ID NO: 63) Primers used to make the pCL1920pTrc vector LF302 ATATGACGTCGGCATCCGCTTACAGACA (SEQ ID NO: 76) LF303 AATTCTTAAGTCAGGAGAGCGTTCACCGACAA (SEQ ID NO: 77) Primers used to make pCL1920pTrcOleCDAB LB270 AACAACTAATTCAGACATACATC (SEQ ID NO: 79) LB271 CTTCCGCTAGCTGCCTGACGCCAGAAGCATTGGTGC (SEQ ID NO: 80) LB272 ATAGGATCCTAAGGAGGAATAAACCATGTTGTTCAAAAATGTATC (SEQ ID NO: 81) LB275 TTAAGATCTAGATCGGGTTTTTATCCAGGAACGCACG (SEQ ID NO: 82) Primers used to clone the loxPcat cassette LB284 TTTTTAAAGAAAAAGAAACAGCGGCTGGTCCGCTGTTTCTGCATTCTTACGGATGCAT ATGGCGGCCGC (SEQ ID NO: 83) LB285 AACCTTCTTCAATTCTTCACCTCTAAAATGCGTGTTCGTCGTCATCGCAATTGAATCT ATTATAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAAAGCAAATAAATTTTTTATGATTTGTATCGATAAG CTGGATCCA (SEQ ID NO: 84) Primers used to subclone oleC from Plesiocystis pacifica LB223 GCTGAACATGTCTACTGAAGGTGCT (SEQ ID NO: 85) LB224 TGCAAGCTTACGCAGACGTGCTTCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 86) Primers used to make vector constructs used to delete the oleC open reading frame in S. maltophilia LB110 CCGGTGACCAGGATCTTCATGCGCGTCGGTTCATCCGTTCATTGTCGCCG (SEQ ID NO: 465) LB111 CGGCGACAATGAACGGATGAACCGACGCGCATGAAGATCCTGGTCACCGG (SEQ ID NO: 466) LB112 TGTCGCACCACGACCAGGTcAAG (SEQ ID NO: 467) LB113 CATCTCTAGAACTGGAAGATCGGCGAGTGGATC (SEQ ID NO: 468) LB114 GCGTAATGCAGCATGGCGCTC (SEQ ID NO: 469) LB115 TGACAAGCTTTCAGCCTGCGCAGCCCTTCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 470) Primers used to make vector constructs used to delete the oleD open reading frame in S. maltophilia LB122 AGCCAGTGACGGCGATCTATGCGGCGATCTTCATGCGCGCTTCTCCAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 472) LB123 AACTGGAGAAGCGCGCATGAAGATCGCCGCATAGATCGCCGTCACTGGCT (SEQ ID NO: 473) LB124 AGGACATGGCCGCGATCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 474) LB125 CATCTCTAGATGGGCAGCGCCTTCGGCATGG (SEQ ID NO: 475) LB127 TGACAAGCTTCGGCCAACCAGGGTTCGTCGG (SEQ ID NO: 476) Primers to clone oleA into B. megaterium expression vector pWH1520 LB402 ATATACTAGTATGAATCGTCCGTGC (SEQ ID NO: 488) LB387 TATATCTAGACCCGGGAGATCTAGATCGGGTTTTTATC (SEQ ID NO: 489) Primers to clone oleA into B. subtilis vector pHT01 LB386 TATATCTAGACCCGGGTTACCACACAACCTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 490) LB388 TATAGGATCCATGTTGTTCAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 491)

TABLE 15 Vectors Source pET-21b(+) T7 expression Novagen Brand pET-21d(+) vectors EMD Chemicals, Inc. pCOLADuet-1 Gibbstown, NJ 08027 pCDFDuet-1 pETDuet-1 pACYCDuet-1 pJ201 Vector backbone DNA2.0 used by DNA2.0 Menlo Park, CA pEX18-Tc Suicide vector for Hoang et al. 1998 S. maltophilia pESC-HIS Expression vector Stratagene, La Jolla, CA used in S. cerevisiae pTrcHis2A Expression vector Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA pCL1920 Low copy number The Netherlands Culture (NCCB#3176) plasmid Collection of Bacteria, Utrecht, The Netherlands pCL1920pTrc Low copy number Described herein plasmid for expression pLoxCat2 Palmeros et al. 2000 pJW168 pKD46 Datsenko and Wanner 2000 pMAL-c2X NEB, Ipswich, MA pWH1520 Expression vector Mo Bi Tec, Germany used in B. megaterium pHT01 Expression vector Mo Bi Tec, Germany used in B. subtilis Expression Constructs Vector Insert OleA from S. maltophilia: pET-21b(+), or PCR product derived Described herein pET-21b(+)_OleA pCOLADuet-1 from primers LB118 pET-21d(+)_OleA cut with NdeI and and LB119 cut with pCOLADuet- XhoI NdeI and XhoI 1_OleA pCDFDuet-1_OleA pETDuet-1_OleA pACYCDuet- 1_OleA: ATCC17679 OleC from S. maltophilia: above vectors PCR product derived Described herein pET- cut with NdeI and from primers LB155 21b(+)_OleC XhoI and LB159 cut with pET-21d(+)_OleC NdeI and XhoI pCOLADuet-1_OleC pCDFDuet-1_OleC pETDuet-1_OleC pACYCDuet- 1_OleC OleD from S. maltophilia: above vectors PCR product derived Described herein pET- cut with NdeI and from primers LB157 21b(+)_OleD XhoI and LB158 cut with pET-21d(+)_OleD NdeI and XhoI pCOLADuet- 1_OleD pCDFDuet-1_OleD pETDuet-1_OleD pACYCDuet- 1_OleD: OleB from S. maltophilia: above vectors PCR product derived Described herein pET-21b(+)_OleB cut with NdeI and from primers LB151 pET-21d(+)_OleB XhoI and LB152 cut with pCOLADuet-1_OleB NdeI and XhoI pCDFDuet-1_OleB pETDuet-1_OleB pACYCDuet- 1_OleB OleA and OleB above vectors PCR product derived Described herein from S. maltophilia: cut with NdeI and from primers LB118 pET-21b(+)_OleAB XhoI and LB152 cut with pET-21d(+)_OleAB NdeI and XhoI pCOLADuet- 1_OleAB pCDFDuet-1_OleAB pETDuet-1_OleAB pACYCDuet- 1_OleAB OleC and OleD from above vectors PCR product derived Described herein S. maltophilia: pET- cut with NdeI and from primers LB155 21b(+)_OleCD XhoI and LB158 cut with pET-21d(+)_OleCD NdeI and XhoI pCOLADuet- 1_OleCD pCDFDuet-1_OleCD pETDuet-1_OleCD pACYCDuet- 1_OleCD OleA codon pET-21d, or PCR product derived Described herein optimized (CO) for pCOLADuet-1 from primers LF305 expression in E. coli, cut with NcoI and and LF306 cut with amino acid sequence HindIII PciI and HindIII based on S. maltophilia: pET-21d_OleA(CO) pCOLADuet- 1_OleA(CO) OleA Xanthomonas above vectors PCR product derived Described herein axonopodis cut with NcoI and from primers LF307 pET-21d_OleA(Xan) HindIII and LF308 cut with pCOLADuet- PciI and HindIII 1_OleA(Xan) OleA Chloroflexus above vectors PCR product derived Described herein aggregans cut with NcoI and from primers LF314 pET-21d_OleA(Chl) HindIII and LF315 cut with pCOLADuet- PciI and HindIII 1_OleA(Chl) OleC Chloroflexus above vectors synthetic DNA Described herein aggregans cut with NcoI and restriction fragment pET-21d_OleC(Chl) HindIII cut with NcoI and pCOLADuet- HindIII encoding the 1_OleC(Chl) Chloroflexus aggregans OleC protein OleC Plesiocystis above vectors synthetic DNA Described herein pacifica cut with NcoI and restriction fragment pET-21d_OleC(Ple) HindIII cut with NcoI and pCOLADuet- HindIII encoding the 1_OleC(Ple) Plesiocystis pacifica OleC protein OleC Xanthomonas above vectors synthetic DNA Described herein axonopodis cut with NcoI and restriction fragment pET-21d_OleC(Xan) HindIII cut with NcoI and pCOLADuet- HindIII encoding the 1_OleC(Xan) Xanthomonas axonopodis OleC protein OleD Chloroflexus above vectors synthetic DNA aggregans cut with NcoI and restriction fragment pET-21d_OleD(Chl) HindIII cut with NcoI and pCOLADuet- HindIII encoding the 1_OleD(Chl) Chloroflexus aggregans OleD protein OleD Xanthomonas above vectors synthetic DNA Described herein axonopodis cut with NcoI and restriction fragment pET-21d_OleD(Xan) HindIII cut with NcoI and pCOLADuet- HindIII encoding the 1_OleD(Xan) Xanthomonas axonopodis OleD protein pCDFDuet-1_FadD pCDFDuet-1 or PCR product from E. coli Described herein and pETDuet- pETDuet-1 cut derived from 1_FadD: FadD an with NcoI and primers fadD_F and acyl-CoA synthase HindIII fadD_R cut with from E. coli str. K12 NcoI and HindIII substr. W3110 Genbank Accession # BAA15609 pETDuet-1_‘TesA: pETDuet-1 PCR product from E. coli Described herein ‘TesA gene vector cut with derived from (thioesterase A gene NdeI and AvrII primers TesA _F and Genbank accession TesA_R cut with #AAA24664 without NdeI and AvrII leader sequence (Cho and Cronan, J. Biol. Chem., 270: 4216-9 (1995)) from E. coli pESC-HIS_OleA: pESC-HIS cut PCR product derived Described herein OleA from S. maltophilia with ApaI and from primers LB217 XhoI and LF304 and cut with ApaI and XhoI pCL1920pTrc_OleA: pCL1920-pTrccut PCR product derived Described herein OleA from S. maltophilia with NcoI and from primers LB189 XhoI and LF304 cut with PciI and XhoI pHT01_OleA: OleA pHT01 cut with PCR product derived Described herein from S. maltophilia BamHI and XbaI from primers LB388 codon optimized for and LB386 cut with expression in E. coli BamHI and XbaI Uc FatB1 pMAL-c2X PCR product derived Described herein vector from primers UcFatB1_F and UcFatB1_R Cc FatB pETDuet-1 vector PCR product derived Described herein cut with NdeI and from primers AvrII CcFatB_F and CcFatB_R cut with NdeI and AvrII Ch FatB2 pMAL-c2X PCR product derived Described herein vector from primers ChFatB2_F and ChFatB2_R

Cloning Methods:

Standard molecular biology cloning procedures were used to clone DNA into the vectors described in Table 15 (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra). Restriction enzymes AatII, AfIII, AvrII, BamHI, BgIII, HindIII, NcoI, NdeI, NheI, NruI, PciI, ScaI, SfoI, SpeI, XbaI, XhoI, and ZraI were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, Mass. 01938).

Expression Protocol:

Various scales of fermentations were performed to test for expression or production of product. These protocols are described below and are referred to in each example as either the 5 mL fermentation, the 25 mL fermentation, or an alternative fermentation technique is described.

5 mL Fermentation:

These fermentations were carried out in 15 mL test tubes with 5 mL of Luria Broth Miller (LB) (EMD, Chemicals, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), The cultures were grown to an OD₆₀₀ between 0.1 and 1 and induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM. The cultures were extracted anywhere from 6 to 48 hours after the induction depending on the experiment. Fermentations were incubated at 25° C., 30° C., or 37° C. with shaking.

25 mL Fermentation:

These fermentations were carried out in 125 mL flasks with a final volume of 25 mL of medium. Seed cultures were prepared by inoculating 5 mL of LB medium in a 15 mL test tube with cells from a scraping of a freezer stock. Freezer stocks were made by adding glycerol to a final concentration of 20% in LB medium and storing the cultures at −80° C. The seed was incubated with shaking at 37° C. until the OD₆₀₀ of the culture reached between 0.15 and 0.6. The cultures were then used to inoculate the fermentation. 22 mL of M9 medium (6 g/L Na₂HPO₄, 3 g/L KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L NH₄Cl, 1 mg/L thiamine, 1 mM MgSO₄, 0.1 mM CaCl₂) with 2% glucose was inoculated with 2 mL of LB medium with a cell density of 0.15 OD₆₀₀ units. The cultures were then incubated with shaking until the OD₆₀₀ was between 0.3 and 0.6 units, at which time the cultures were induced with IPTG to a final concentration of 1 mM. In experiments where fatty acids were fed, they were added at the same time point when the cultures were induced. The cultures were extracted anywhere from 2 to 48 hours after the induction, depending on the experiment. Fermentations were incubated at 25° C., 30° C., or 37° C. with shaking.

Cell Lysate Protocol:

Standard cell lysis protocols were used. Briefly, cells were disrupted by sonication and/or by the use of the BugBuster® plus Benzonase® nuclease reagent kit (Catalog #70750 Novagen of EMD Chemicals, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). For example, a 10 mL culture was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 minutes (Allegra X-15R Centrifuge with rotor SX-4750A, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.), and the resulting pellet was resuspended in 2 mL of BugBuster® and 2 μL of Benzonase® nuclease.

Protein Purification Protocol:

His-tagged proteins were purified using standard procedures. Proteins were purified according to the instructions found in User protocol TB054 Rev. F0106 (Novagen of EMD Chemicals, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).

Hydrocarbon Extraction Methods:

Extraction Method 1: 5 mL Pellet Extractions

Organic compounds (olefins, aliphatic ketones, and hydrocarbons) were extracted from bacterial cell pellets using a methanol:hexane extraction protocol. Briefly, 5 mL of culture/fermentation broth was centrifuged in a glass test tube at 3500 rpm for 15 minutes (Allegra X-15R Centrifuge with rotor SX-4750A, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.), the supernatant was decanted, the resulting pellet was resuspended in 100 μL of sterile distilled water, and mixed on a vortex mixer until homogeneous. Next, 1 mL of methanol was added and the sample was mixed using a vortex mixer. The sample was then sonicated between 15 minutes to 1.5 hours in a sonicating water bath (Bransonic®, Tabletop Ultrasonic Cleaners, model 5510, Danbury, Conn.). Following the sonication, 4 mL of hexane was added, and the sample was mixed on a vortex mixer. The samples were then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 minutes (Allegra X-15R Centrifuge with rotor SX-4750A, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.). The upper layer (hexane layer) was removed and added to a clean glass tube. The sample was then dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.) for approximately 30 minutes until essentially no solvent was present. The sample was then resuspended in 100 μL of ethyl acetate or chloroform. Next, 1 μL of the sample was analyzed on the GC/MS according to the detection methods described below.

Extraction Method 2: Method for In Vitro Assays

For in vitro assays, organic compounds (olefins, aliphatic ketones, and hydrocarbons) were extracted from in vitro samples using an ethyl acetate/1% acetic acid extraction protocol. In vitro assay samples were extracted by the addition of 500 μL of ethyl acetate containing 1% acetic acid. The sample was mixed on a vortex mixer, followed by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 5 minutes to separate the aqueous and organic layers (Centrifuge 5424 with rotor FA-45-24-11, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.). The top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred to a clean tube. The sample was then dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.) for approximately 30 minutes until essentially no solvent was present. The sample was resuspended in 50 μL of ethyl acetate and analyzed by GC/MS and/or GC/FID. Between 1 and 10 μL were analyzed on the GC/MS or GC/FID for hydrocarbon content according to the detection methods described below.

Extraction Method 3: Small Scale Whole Cell Culture Extractions

Between 0.5 to 1 mL of the fermentation culture was added to a 1.7 mL Eppendorf tube. This culture was then extracted with between 0.25 to 0.5 mL of ethyl acetate containing the appropriate hydrocarbon spike (e.g., 10 mg/L cis-9-tricosene or 10 mg/L hexacosane for olefins, 10 mg/L 14-heptacosanone for aliphatic ketones, etc.). The culture-ethyl acetate mixture was mixed on a vortex mixer at high speed for 10 minutes. The sample was then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm in an Eppendorf centrifuge for 5 minutes (Centrifuge 5424 with rotor FA-45-24-11, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.) The organic layer (top layer) was removed for analysis using the GC/MS or GC/FID detection methods described below.

Hydrocarbon Detection Methods:

Detection Method 1: 20 Minute GC/MS

For GC/MS detection, hydrocarbons, and aliphatic ketones were observed and verified using the following protocol: Run Time: 20 minutes Column: HP-5-MS (5% diphenyl siloxane, 95% dimethyl siloxane) Part No. 19091S-433E, Length: (meters) 30, Internal diameter: (mm) 0.25 narrowbore, Film: (μM) 0.25

MSD Scan Range: 50-800 M/Z

Inject: 1 μL Agilent 6850 inlet Inlet: 300° C. splitless

Carrier gas: Helium

Oven Temp: 5 minute hold 100° C.; 25° C./minute to 320° C.; 5 minute hold 320° C.

Det: Agilent 5975B VL MSD

Det. Temp: 300° C.

Detection Method 2: 5 minute GC/MS

For GC/MS detection, hydrocarbons and aliphatic ketones were detected and verified using the following protocol: Run Time: 4.9 minutes Column: HP-5-MS (5% diphenyl siloxane, 95% dimethyl siloxane) Part No. 19091S-433E, Length: (meters) 30, Internal diameter: (mm) 0.25 narrowbore, Film: (μM) 0.25

MSD Scan Range: 50-140 M/Z

Inject: 1 μL Agilent 6850 inlet Inlet: 300° C. splitless

Carrier gas: Helium

Oven Temp: no hold at 225° C.; 25° C./minute to 320° C.; 1.1 minute hold 320° C.

Det: Agilent 5975B VL MSD

Det. Temp: 300° C.

Detection Method 3: GC/FID

For GC/FID detection, hydrocarbons, and aliphatic ketones were detected and verified using the following protocol: Run Time: 2.75 to 4 minutes depending on the length of hydrocarbons that you are interested in viewing. Longer times are used for longer hydrocarbons. Column: Thermo Electron Corporation: (Part No. UFMC 002 000 000 00): Ph5, film thickness 0.4 mm, Length: (meters) 5, Internal diameter: 0.1 mm, Sample volume injected: 1 to 10 μl depending on the experiment Inlet: splitless

Carrier gas: Helium

Oven Temp: 1 min hold 100° C.; 200° C./min to 350° C.; 0.50 min hold 350° C. Det: Thermo FID detector

Detection Method 4: 5.8 Minute GC/MS

For GC/MS detection, hydrocarbons, and aliphatic ketones were observed and verified using the following protocol: Run Time: 5.83 minutes Column: DB-1HT (100% Dimethylpolysiloxane) Part No. 122-1111 (Agilent Technologies, Inc), Length: (meters) 15, Internal diameter: (mm) 0.25 narrowbore, Film: (μM) 0.1

MSD Scan Range: 50-550 m/z

Inject: 1 μL Agilent 6890 N inlet Inlet: 300° C. splitless Carrier gas: Helium (flow rate: 1.3 mL/min) Oven Temp: 0.3 minute hold at 160° C.; 30° C./minute to 320° C.; 0.2 minute hold 320° C.

Det: Agilent 5975B XL EI/CI MSD

Det. Temp: 250° C.

Plasmid Construction:

A number of plasmids were constructed for the expression of oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD in any cell of interest, including E. coli, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and S. cerevisiae. These constructs can be divided into plasmids containing individual genes and plasmids containing combinations of genes in operons.

Plasmids Containing Individual Genes oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD:

The gene sequences for oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD were derived either by PCR amplification from genomic DNA of a host strain containing these gene sequences or by design and production of synthetic genes on a contract basis (DNA2.0 Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. 94025). Briefly, oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD were amplified from genomic DNA isolated from S. maltophilia ATCC 17679 as follows: oleA (SEQ ID NO: 1) was amplified using primers LB118 (SEQ ID NO: 29) and LB119 (SEQ ID NO: 30); oleB (SEQ ID NO: 9) was amplified using primers LB151 (SEQ ID NO: 35) and LB152 (SEQ ID NO: 36); oleC (SEQ ID NO: 5) was amplified using primers LB155 (SEQ ID NO: 31) and LB159 (SEQ ID NO: 32); oleD (SEQ ID NO: 7) was amplified using primers LB157 (SEQ ID NO: 33) and LB158 (SEQ ID NO: 34). The oleA (SEQ ID NO: 1), oleB (SEQ ID NO: 9), oleC (SEQ ID NO: 5), and oleD (SEQ ID NO: 7) amplification products were inserted into pET-21b(+), pCDFDuet-1, pCOLADuet-1, pETDuet-1, or pACYCDuet-1 using the restriction enzymes NdeI and XhoI. The correct plasmid clones were selected from the resulting transformants and confirmed by DNA digestion and sequencing. Similar cloning methods can be used to insert oleA (SEQ ID NO: 1), oleB (SEQ ID NO: 9), oleC (SEQ ID NO: 5), and oleD (SEQ ID NO: 7) into any vector of interest.

Plasmid pCL1920pTrcOleA was constructed by cloning the oleA nucleotide sequence from the pET21b(+) OleA plasmid which contains the native oleA DNA sequence from S. maltophilia ATCC17679 into the bacterial expression vector pCL1920pTrc using standard cloning techniques as described above. The vector backbone pCL1920pTrc (SEQ ID NO: 24) was constructed at LS9, Inc. Briefly, a PCR product containing the lacIq sequence, the pTrc promoter, and a multiple cloning site was amplified using LF302 (SEQ ID NO: 76) and LF303 (SEQ ID NO: 77) from the plasmid pTrcHis2A (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) DNA. The resulting PCR product was digested with AfIII and ZraI and cloned by standard DNA ligation into the plasmid pCL1920 (NCCBNr3176 Nucl. Acids Res., 18: 4631, (1990)) cut with AfIII and SfoI. The resulting clones contained the insert in the wrong orientation and the AfIII restriction site was not conserved. The resulting plasmid was designated pCL1920pTrc (SEQ ID NO: 24).

To construct plasmid pCL1920pTrcOleA, oleA (SEQ ID NO: 1) was PCR amplified using primers LB189 (SEQ ID NO: 45) and LF304 (SEQ ID NO: 44). The OleA amplification product was cloned into pCL1920pTrc using restriction enzymes PciI and XhoI to create plasmid pCL1920pTrcOleA.

To construct plasmid pHT01_OleA for expression of oleA in B. subtilis, oleA (SEQ ID NO:3) was PCR amplified using primers LB388 (SEQ ID NO: 491) and LB386 (SEQ ID NO: 490) from the DNA template pCL1920pTrcOleCDAB, which contains the nucleotide sequence based on the amino acid sequence from S. maltophilia, which has been codon optimized for expression in E. coli. The OleA amplification product was cloned into pHT01 using restriction enzymes BamHI and XbaI to create plasmid pHT01_OleA.

Plasmids Containing the Olefin Synthase Operon:

Multiple plasmids were constructed that contain the four genes: olA, oleB, oleC, and oleD in various orders. All fermentations tested with strains expressing the genes from these operons produced olefins. The order of the genes in a synthetic operon does not influence the organism's ability to produce hydrocarbons. Many of these plasmids can be used interchangeably in the examples described below. The actual plasmids used in each example are described in the pertinent example.

In plasmids containing ole genes based on the amino acid sequences from S. maltophilia, the plasmids were named depending on the order of the genes in the DNA sequence, for example, with OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, OleAB, OleBC, OleCD, OleABCD, etc.

When the ole gene is from another organism's genome, the gene name is followed by brackets with the first three letters of the organism from which the gene was derived. For example, OleA(Xan) denotes the gene sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of OleA found in the Xanthomonas axonopodis genome sequence.

A synthetic operon containing the oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD genes encoding the S. maltophilia based protein sequences was created. The ole genes were codon optimized for expression in E. coli by program modification at DNA2.0, Inc. (Menlo Park, Calif. 94025).

The synthesized gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23) was used to construct plasmid pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD. The synthetic olefin operon (SEQ ID NO: 23) provided by DNA 2.0 was subcloned into the plasmid pCL1920pTrc. The operon fragment was isolated by digesting with PciI and HindIII, and ligated into the pCL1920pTrc plasmid cut with NcoI and HindIII. The resulting clone is designated pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD (SEQ ID NO: 78).

Another plasmid, pCL1920pTrcOleCDAB, containing the four olefin synthase genes (oleA, oleB, oleC and oleD) in a different order was constructed and used in some of the following examples. This plasmid was constructed as follows: first, the plasmid pCL1920pTrcOleCD was constructed by cloning a PCR product containing the lacI^(q) sequence into the NheI and SpeI digested vector backbone of pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD. The resulting plasmid contains the lacI^(q) sequence upstream of the oleC and oleD genes. The lac repressor containing PCR product was amplified using LB270 (SEQ ID NO: 79) and LB271 (SEQ ID NO: 80) from pCL1920pTrc, the PCR product and vector were prepared for cloning by digestion with NheI and SpeI.

Second, the operon plasmid, pCL1920pTrcOleCDAB, was then constructed by cloning a PCR fragment containing oleA and oleB downstream of oleC and oleD in the pCL1920pTrcOleCD plasmid. The oleAB PCR product was amplified using LB272 (SEQ ID NO: 81) and LB275 (SEQ ID NO: 82) from pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD. The resulting PCR product was digested with BamHI and BglII and cloned by standard DNA ligation into the pCL1920pTrcOleCD digested with BamHI and BglII and treated with Antarctic Phosphatase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass. 01938). The resulting plasmid was designated pCL1920pTrcOleCDAB. Similar methods can be used to insert a synthetic olefin operon into any vector of interest.

To construct plasmid pWH1520 OleCDAB for expression in B. megaterium, oleC, oleD, oleA, and oleB were PCR amplified using primers LB402 (SEQ ID NO: 488) and LB387 (SEQ ID NO: 489) from the DNA template pCL1920pTrcOleCDAB which contains the nucleotide sequence based on the amino acid sequence from S. maltophilia which has been codon optimized for expression in E. coli. The PCR product containing oleC, oleD, oleA, and oleB was digested with SpeI and BglII and cloned into pWH1520 using restriction enzymes SpeI and BamHI to create plasmid pWH1520_OleCDAB.

Plasmids Containing Thioesterase Genes:

Multiple plasmids were constructed that contain the coding region for different thioesterases, including (Uc FatB1, Cc FatB1, Ch FatB2, and 'tesA. The gene sequence for E. coli 'tesA was derived by PCR amplification from genomic DNA from E. coli MG1655. The gene sequences for Umbellularia californica FatB1 (Uc FatB1), Cinnamomum camphora FatB1 (Cc FatB1), and Cuphea hookeriana FatB2 (Ch FatB2) were derived by design and production of synthetic genes on a contract basis (Codon Devices, Cambridge, Mass. 02139). Briefly, 'tesA (SEQ ID NO: 25) was amplified using primers TesA_F (SEQ ID NO: 50) and TesA_R (SEQ ID NO: 51). The synthetic genes were recloned into expression plasmids by PCR amplification and standard digestion and ligation protocols. Cc FatB1 (SEQ ID NO: 26) was amplified using primers CcFatB_F (SEQ ID NO: 52) and CcFatB_R (SEQ ID NO: 53). Ch FatB2 (SEQ ID NO: 27) was amplified using primers ChFatB2_F (SEQ ID NO: 54) and ChFatB2_R (SEQ ID NO: 55). Uc FatB1 (SEQ ID NO: 28) was amplified using primers UcFatB1_F (SEQ ID NO: 56) and UcFatB1_R (SEQ ID NO: 57). The 'tesA (SEQ ID NO: 25) and Cc FatB1 (SEQ ID NO: 26) amplification products were cloned into pETDuet-1 using restriction enzymes NdeI and AvrII, The Ch FatB2 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and Uc FatB1 (SEQ ID NO: 28) amplification products were cloned into pMAL-c2X (NEB, Ipswich, Mass.) in frame with the malE gene using restriction enzymes XbaI and HindIII.

Plasmids Containing the acyl-CoA Synthase;

The fadD gene was expressed from a number of different constructs, including two distinct vectors, pETDuet-1 and pACYCpTrc, as well as from a constitutive promoter integrated directly into the E. coli host strain. These constructs are described below.

pETDuet-1_fadD: The fadD gene encoding acyl-CoA synthase from E. coli was cloned into a NcoI/HindIII digested pETDuet-1 vector. The fadD nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 492) was PCR amplified from genomic DNA of E. coli C41(DE3) using primers fadD_F (SEQ ID NO: 46) and fadD_R (SEQ ID NO: 47). The fadD amplification product was cloned into pETDuet-1 using restriction enzymes NcoI and HindIII to create pETDuet-1_fadD.

pACYCpTrcfadD: To construct pACYCpTrcfadD, the vector plasmid pACYCpTrc was first constructed. The lacI^(q) and pTrc promoter and terminator regions were PCR amplified using primers pTrc_F (SEQ ID NO: 493) and pTrc_R (SEQ ID NO: 494) from pTrcHis2A (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The PCR product was then digested with AatII and NruI. The PCR product was then cloned into pACYC177 digested with AatII and ScaI. The fadD nucleic acid sequence was PCR amplified using primers fadD_F (SEQ ID NO: 46) and fadD_R (SEQ ID NO: 47) from the genomic DNA from E. coli C41(DE3) and cloned into pACYCpTrc by digestion with NcoI and EcoRI to create plasmid pACYCpTrcFadD.

Constitutive Expression of acyl-CoA Synthase

FadD was constitutively expressed by substitution of the 5′ flanking region upstream of the fadD gene (SEQ ID NO: 495) with a synthetic DNA sequence containing the T5 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 496) using homologous recombination (allelic exchange) followed by Cre lox antimicrobial resistance marker removal (see. e.g., Valle, Fernando and Noemi Flores, Overexpression of Chromosomal Genes in Escherichia coli. Vol. 267, Recombinant Gene Expression: Reviews and Protocols. Totowa: Humana Press, 2004 and Palmeros et al., Gene, 247: 255-64 (2000) for detailed protocols). Briefly, primers LB284 (SEQ ID NO: 83) and LB285 (SEQ ID NO: 84) were used to PCR amplify the loxPcat cassette from pLoxCat2 (SEQ ID NO: 89; Genebank accession #AJ401047). The amplification product was then transformed into MG1655 ΔfadE containing plasmid pKD46 (Genebank accession #AY048746). After selection for integration of the loxPcat cassette, the strain was cured of pKD46, followed by removal of the chloramphenicol resistance, using plasmid pJW168 (Palmeros et al., Gene, 247: 255-64 (2000)), After confirming the replacement of the fadD promoter by the T5 promoter, the strain was cured of pJW168. The resulting strain is E. coli MG1655 ΔfadE, fadD (+).

Example 2

This example demonstrates that expression of OleA, OleC, and OleD in bacteria results in the production of olefins.

oleA, oleC, and oleD nucleic acid sequences were amplified from S. maltophilia using PCR. These sequences were inserted into bacterial expression vectors using standard cloning techniques, as described in Example 1. The plasmids containing oleA, oleC, and oleD were then used to transform E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE. The resulting bacterial strain with the genotype E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE; pET-21b(+)_OleA, pCOLADuet-1_OleC, pCDFDuet-1 OleD was tested using the 5 mL fermentation protocol and extracted using extraction method 1. The extract was then analyzed by GC/MS using detection method 1, as described in Example 1, for the detection of hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins) and aliphatic ketones. The hydrocarbons observed by GC/MS were mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated olefins that ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₁ (see FIGS. 1 and 2A-J). This demonstrated that the expression of oleA, oleC, and oleD in E. coli resulted in the production of olefins. Similar methods can be used to express oleA, oleC, and oleD in any cell of interest. In addition, similar methods can be used to analyze the production of aliphatic ketones or hydrocarbons.

To demonstrate that the expression of oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD leads to the production of hydrocarbons in a wide range of bacteria, a plasmid pWH1520_OleCDAB was made for the expression of oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD in Bacillus megaterium (see Example 1). B. megaterium WH320 premade protoplasts (from Mo Bi Tec, Germany) were transformed with pWH1520_OleCDAB to create the strain B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520_OleCDAB. B. megaterium WH320 premade protoplasts (from Mo Bi Tec, Germany) were transformed with pWH1520 to make B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520 to be used as an empty vector control.

The nucleic acid sequences were amplified by PCR using a plasmid containing the S. maltophilia E. coli-codon optimized sequences for oleC, oleD, oleA, and oleB. These sequences were inserted into bacterial expression vectors using standard cloning techniques for E. coli (see Example 1). The plasmid containing oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD (pWH1520_OleCDAB) and an empty vector control plasmid (pWH1520) were then used to transform B. megaterium WH320.

B. megaterium WH320 protoplasts (Mo Bi Tec, Germany) were transformed with the above mentioned plasmids using the protocol provided with the protoplasts (see, e.g., Bacillus megaterium protein expression system Handbook 2007), which is a modification of the method from Puyet et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 40: 1-5. (1987).

The resulting bacterial strains with the genotype B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520_OleCDAB and B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520 were tested using the 5 mL Fermentation Protocol (15 mg/L tetracycline was used to select for cells transformed with the plasmid) which was modified to use 0.5% xylose to induce the cultures instead of IPTG. The extraction method used was Extraction Method 1.

Analysis for the presence of hydrocarbons was conducted by GC/MS analysis using Detection Method 4 as described in Example 1. The GC/MS data was ion extracted for distinct parent ions 350, 364, 378, 392, and 406, which show the production of monounsaturated olefins containing 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 carbons, respectively (see FIGS. 17A-J).

These compounds elute slightly earlier than straight chain olefin of the same carbon number analyzed under the same conditions. This suggests that B. megaterium produced branched chain olefins. Because B. megaterium naturally produced branched chain fatty acyl substrates, it is likely that the olefins observed are branched chain olefins. Hydrocarbons were not detected in the control extracts from the B. megaterium WH320; pWH1520.

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that a variety of bacteria can be engineered to express oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD and produce hydrocarbons. Furthermore, this examples demonstrates that Gram-positive bacteria can be engineered to express oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD and produce hydrocarbons. Moreover, this example demonstrates that bacteria from the genus Bacillus can be engineered to express oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD and produce hydrocarbons. In addition, this example demonstrates that the types of fatty acyl chains naturally produced by the host organism influence the types of hydrocarbons produced.

Aliphatic ketones and hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins) were also extracted from bacterial cell pellets of S. maltophilia and analyzed using GC/MS using Detection Method 1. The olefins produced by S. maltophilia (see FIGS. 3, 4A, and 4C) differ from those produced by E. coli oleA, oleC, and oleD (see FIG. 1). Thus, the olefin structures (for instance, the degree of saturation, chain length, and presence of branched or unbranched chains) depend on the host. These differences are a direct reflection of the organism's ability to produce various types of fatty acyl chains. This demonstrates that if the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is altered, different types of olefins are produced.

To determine if oleA is required for the production of olefins in S. maltophilia, an oleA knockout strain of S. maltophilia was generated using a suicide vector based method of homologous recombination (allelic exchange) leading to gene deletions. Briefly, the deletion of the oleA gene region was produced using the gene replacement methods described by Hoang et al., Gene, 212: 77-86, (1998). More specifically, the upstream and downstream regions of the oleA gene region were amplified and placed together using the SOE PCR technique (see, e.g., Horton et al., Gene, 77: 61-8 (1989)). The SOE PCR product was cut with XbaI and HindIII and cloned into a pEX18Tc suicide vector (see Hoang et al., supra) digested with XbaI and HindIII. The 5′ flanking region used PCR primers LB200 (SEQ ID NO: 58) and LB203 (SEQ ID NO: 61). The 3′ flanking region used PCR primers LB201 (SEQ ID NO: 59) and LB205 (SEQ ID NO:63). The combined PCR deletion product (SEQ ID NO: 75), which was cloned into pEX18Tc, was produced by PCR amplification off of the combination of the 5′ and 3′ PCR products using PCR primers LB202 (SEQ ID NO: 60) and LB204 (SEQ ID NO: 62).

Extractions from wild type S. maltophilia and mutant S. maltophilia ΔoleA (S. maltophilia lacking oleA) were analyzed by GC/MS, using Detection Method 2. Olefins were observed in the wild type S. maltophilia (see FIG. 4A). Olefins were not observed in S. maltophilia ΔoleA (see FIG. 4B). These results demonstrate that deletion of the oleA gene resulted in the loss of olefin production in S. maltophilia.

To determine if oleC is required for the production of olefins in S. maltophilia, an oleC knockout strain of S. maltophilia was generated using a suicide vector based method of homologous recombination (allelic exchange) leading to gene deletions. Briefly, the deletion of the oleC gene region was produced using the gene replacement methods described by Hoang et al., Gene, 212: 77-86, (1998). More specifically, the upstream and downstream regions of the oleC gene region were amplified and placed together using the SOE PCR technique (see, e.g., Horton et al., Gene, 77: 61-8 (1989)). The SOE PCR product was cut with XbaI and HindIII and cloned into a pEX18Tc suicide vector (see Hoang et al., supra) digested with XbaI and HindIII.

The 5′ flanking region used PCR primers LB110 (SEQ ID NO: 465) and LB112 (SEQ ID NO: 467). The 3′ flanking region used PCR primers LB111 (SEQ ID NO: 466) and LB114 (SEQ ID NO: 469). The combined PCR deletion product (SEQ ID NO: 471), which was cloned into pEX18Tc, was produced by PCR amplification off of the combination of the 5′ and 3′ PCR products using PCR primers LB113 (SEQ ID NO: 468) and LB115 (SEQ ID NO: 470).

Extractions from wild type S. maltophilia and mutant S. maltophilia ΔoleC (S. maltophilia lacking oleC) were analyzed by GC/MS, using Detection Method 2. Olefins were observed in the wild type S. maltophilia (see FIG. 4A) Olefins were not observed in S. maltophilia ΔoleC (see FIG. 4D). Aliphatic ketones were observed in the S. maltophilia ΔoleC (see FIG. 4D). These results demonstrate that deletion of the oleC gene resulted in the loss of olefin production in S. maltophilia.

To determine if oleD is required for the production of olefins in S. maltophilia, an oleD knockout strain of S. maltophilia was generated using a suicide vector based method of homologous recombination (allelic exchange) leading to gene deletions. Briefly, the deletion of the oleD gene region was produced using the gene replacement methods described by Hoang et al., Gene, 212: 77-86, (1998). More specifically, the upstream and downstream regions of the oleD gene region were amplified and placed together using the SOE PCR technique (see, e.g., Horton et al., Gene, 77: 61-8 (1989)). The SOE PCR product was cut with XbaI and HindIII and cloned into a pEX18Tc suicide vector (see Hoang et al., supra) digested with XbaI and HindIII.

The 5′ flanking region used PCR primers LB122 (SEQ ID NO: 472) and LB124 (SEQ ID NO: 474). The 3′ flanking region used PCR primers LB123 (SEQ ID NO: 473) and LB127 (SEQ ID NO:476). The combined PCR deletion product (SEQ ID NO: 477), which was cloned into pEX18Tc, was produced by PCR amplification off of the combination of the 5′ and 3′ PCR products using PCR primers LB125 (SEQ ID NO: 475) and LB127 (SEQ ID NO: 476).

Extractions from wild type S. maltophilia and mutant S. maltophilia ΔoleD (S. maltophilia lacking oleD) were analyzed by GC/MS, using Detection Method 2. Olefins were observed in the wild type S. maltophilia (see FIG. 4C). Olefins were not observed in S. maltophilia ΔoleD. Aliphatic ketones were observed in the S. maltophilia ΔoleD (see FIG. 4E). These results demonstrate that deletion of the oleD gene resulted in the loss of olefin production in S. maltophilia.

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the expression of oleA, oleC, and oleD in bacteria results in the production of olefins. The olefins produced may differ in structure depending on the host. Additionally, the results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that OleA, OleC and OleD are required for the production of olefins in S. maltophilia.

Example 3

This example demonstrates that the expression of oleA in bacteria resulted in the production of aliphatic ketones.

oleA was expressed in E. coli as described in Examples 1 and 2. The plasmid containing oleA was used to transform E. coli C41 (DE3). The resulting bacterial strain with the genotype E. coli C41(DE3); pET-21b(+)_OleA was tested using the 5 mL fermentation protocol. Analysis for the production of aliphatic ketones and hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins) was conducted by using Extraction Method 1 followed by the GC/MS analysis, using Detection Method 1 as described in Example 1. The aliphatic ketones observed by GC/MS were saturated, mono-unsaturated, and di-unsaturated aliphatic ketones. The aliphatic ketones ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₁ (see FIGS. 5A-C and 6A-H).

To demonstrate that the expression of oleA leads to the production of aliphatic ketones in a wide range of bacteria, plasmid pHT01_OleA was made for expression of oleA in Bacillus subtilis (see Example 1). B. subtilis IHA01 was transformed with pHT01_OleA to create the strain B. subtilis IHA01; pHT01_OleA. B. subtilis IHA01 was transformed with pHT01 to make B. subtilis IHA01; pHT01 which acted as a control.

The nucleic acid sequences were amplified by PCR using a plasmid containing the S. maltophilia E. coli-codon optimized sequence for oleA. These sequences were inserted into bacterial expression vectors using standard cloning techniques for E. coli (see, e.g., Example 1).

The plasmid containing oleA (pHT01_OleA) and an empty vector control plasmid (pHT01) were then used to transform B. subtilis IHA01. B. subtilis was transformed by natural transformation according to the protocols of Spizizen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 44: 1072-1078 (1958).

The resulting bacterial strains with the genotype B. subtilis IHA01; pHT01_OleA and B. subtilis IHA01; pHT01 were tested using the 5 mL Fermentation Protocol. The extraction method used was Extraction Method 1. Analysis for the presence of aliphatic ketones and hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins) was conducted by GC/MS using Detection Method 4 as described in Example 1. Saturated aliphatic ketones containing 25, 27, and 29 carbons were observed. Multiple peaks for each respective C25, C27, and C29 aliphatic ketone reflects that a number of different branched isomers of the aliphatic ketones was present (see FIGS. 18A-E).

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that a variety of bacteria can be engineered to express oleA and produce aliphatic ketones. Furthermore, this example demonstrates that Gram-positive bacteria can be engineered to express oleA and produce aliphatic ketones. Moreover, this example demonstrates that bacteria from the genus Bacillus can be engineered to express oleA and produce aliphatic ketones. In addition, this example demonstrates that the types of fatty acyl chains naturally produced by the host organism influence the types of hydrocarbons produced.

Example 4

This example demonstrates the ability to observe aliphatic ketone production using an in vitro assay combining lysate from E. coli cells expressing oleA (SEQ ID NO: 2) with acyl-CoA substrates.

oleA was expressed in E. coli as described in Examples 1 and 3. The resulting recombinant bacteria were cultured, induced, pelleted, and used to make a cell lysate containing OleA (OleA-cell lysate) as described in Example 1. The in vitro assay mixture consisted of 10 μL of a 10 mM stock solution of myristoyl-CoA lithium salt (the substrate) (M4414 from Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, Mo.) suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 1 μL of 500 mM tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine (THP) reducing agent, 50 μL of OleA-cell lysate, and 39 μL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0. Control samples containing combinations with and without substrate or OleA-cell extract were also prepared. Samples were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. After the incubation period, 10 μL of 0.1 mg/mL solution of hexacosane was added as a control spike into each reaction before extraction. The samples were extracted using 500 μL of ethyl acetate containing 1% acetic acid. The mixture was mixed on a vortex mixer followed by centrifugation. The top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred to a clean glass tube and dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.). The sample was resuspended in 50 μL of ethyl acetate. Between 1 and 10 μL were analyzed by either GC/MS or GC/FID according to the methods described in Example 1. Similar methods can be used to incubate any OleA-cell lysate with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce aliphatic ketones and subsequently analyze the production of aliphatic ketones.

The resulting aliphatic ketones observed by GC/MS and GC/FID were saturated, mono-unsaturated, and di-unsaturated. The aliphatic ketones ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₁ (see FIGS. 7A and 7B). The sample containing substrate and OleA-extract was compared to all the other control sample combinations. The production of an increased amount of C₂₇ aliphatic ketone relative to all the control samples was indicative of the acyl-condensing activity found in OleA (see FIG. 7C).

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that acyl coenzyme A is a substrate for the production of aliphatic ketone in an in vitro assay and that the expression of oleA is required for aliphatic ketone production.

Example 5

This example demonstrates the ability to observe aliphatic ketones using an in vitro assay combining purified enzyme (e.g., OleA protein) with purified substrate (e.g., acyl-coenzyme A, acyl-ACP, etc.) in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0.

oleA was expressed in E. coli as described in Examples 1 and 3. The resulting recombinant bacteria were cultured, induced, pelleted, and used to make purified OleA protein as described in Example 1, The in vitro assay mixture consisted of a substrate (e.g., acyl-coenzyme A, acyl-ACP, or a mixture of acyl-coenzyme A and acyl-ACP) diluted to a final concentration of 0.1 mM to 1 mM, 20 μL of a 0.6 mg/mL solution of purified OleA protein in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with 500 mM magnesium chloride. Each assay mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. After the incubation period, 250 μL of ethyl acetate was added to each assay mixture and each assay mixture was mixed on a vortex mixer for 10 minutes. The ethyl acetate fraction of the assay mixture was separated from the aqueous phase by centrifugation in a microcentrifuge at 13000 rpm for 5 minutes. 15 μL of the ethyl acetate fraction (the top layer) was transferred into a GC/MS vial to which 1.5 μL of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of hexacosane solution was added as a control spike into each ethyl acetate fraction before each ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed on the GC/MS using chemical ionization detection methods that are well known in the art (see FIG. 8A-B).

Saturated, mono-unsaturated, and di-unsaturated aliphatic ketones were observed with carbon chain lengths ranging from C₁₉ to C₃₁. Aliphatic ketone was not observed in any of the control assay mixtures (e.g., assay mixtures containing a purified enzyme without a substrate or assay mixtures containing a purified substrate without a purified enzyme).

Tables 16-18 illustrate the combinations of substrates that were tested and the types of aliphatic ketones that were produced. Aliphatic ketones were formed by the following combinations of substrates: acyl-CoA with acyl-CoA, acyl-ACP with acyl-ACP, and acyl-CoA with acyl-ACP (data from each combination are shown in Tables 16, 17, and 18, respectively). The substrates are shown across the top and left side of the table and each entry shows the length of the carbon chain followed by the number of double bonds for each aliphatic ketone that was formed (e.g., C27:1 refers to an aliphatic ketone with 27 carbons and a single double bond, C23 refers to a completely saturated aliphatic ketone with 23 carbons, etc.).

TABLE 16 acyl-CoA acyl-CoA C10 C12 C14 C16 C16:1 C10 C19 N/A C23 N/A N/A C12 — C23 C25 C27:1 C14 — — C27 C29 C29:1 C16 — — — C31 C31:1 C16:1 — — — — C31:2 N/A = have not been tested.

TABLE 17 acyl-ACP acyl-ACP C10 C12 C14 C14:1 C16:1 C10 C19 N/A C23 N/A N/A C12 — C23 C25 N/A C27:1 C14 — — C27 C27:1 C29:1 C14:1 — — — C27:2 N/A C16:1 — — — — C31:2 N/A = have not been tested.

TABLE 18 Substrate C14-ACP C16:1-CoA C27, C29:1, C31:2

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that an in vitro assay can be utilized to detect OleA activity by the presence of aliphatic ketones. In addition, the results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that both acyl-coenzyme A and acyl-ACP can be used as substrates by OleA alone or in combination to produce aliphatic ketones. The chain length and the degree of saturation of the substrate can vary to yield a wide range of aliphatic ketone products.

Example 6

This example describes the identification of additional oleA, oleC, and oleD nucleic acid and amino acid sequences using the S. maltophilia nucleic acid and amino acid sequences described herein.

The amino acid sequences of proteins related to the S. maltophilia OleA, OleC, and OleD sequences were determined by using the NCBI BLAST protein alignment program to search the nr database as well as a number of other publically accessible databases. To demonstrate how to identify and test for the activity of additional members of the oleA, oleC, and oleD gene family, genes from a closely related organism, Xanthomonas axonopodis (oleA, oleC, and oleD) and genes from two distantly related organisms, Chloroflexus aggregans (oleA, oleC, and oleD) and Plesiocystis pacifica (oleC), were cloned and tested as follows.

The plasmids used in this example were made using the same bacterial strains, resistance markers, and PCR techniques described in Example 1. For a more detailed description of the plasmids, see Table 15. Similarly, the 5 mL Fermentation Protocol, Hydrocarbon Extraction Method 1, and the GC/MS Hydrocarbon Detection Method 1 described in Example 1 were used to identify hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates.

The genes of interest were designed to be optimized for expression in E. coli using the Protein-2-DNA software (see, e.g., Gustafsson et al., Trends Biotechnol. 22: 346-353 (2004)) to select a codon distribution mimicking natural highly expressed E. coli proteins (see, e.g., Henaut et al., Analysis and predictions from E. coli sequences, In E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium Cellular and Molecular Biology, Volume 2, Edited by: Neidhardt et al., Washington D.C., ASM press, pp. 2047-2066 (1996)). The gene(s) were synthesized by non-template PCR similar to what has previously been described in the literature (see, e.g., Dillon et al., Biotechniques, 9: 298-300 (1990)). Gene synthesis was performed by DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.).

The synthetic open reading frames were cloned into plasmid pJ201 (DNA 2.0, Menlo Park, Calif.). These genes were subcloned into pET21d upstream of the T7 promoter in the multiple cloning site between NcoI and HindIII sites. Primers were designed to conserve the 5′ and 3′ ends of the protein sequences. The codon optimized version of oleA based on the amino acid sequence from S. maltophilia (SEQ ID NO:3) was PCR amplified from the DNA 2.0 plasmid using the LF305 (SEQ ID NO: 37) and LF306 (SEQ ID NO: 38) primers (see Table 14 for primer sequences). The PCR product was digested with PciI and HindIII and cloned into the pET21d vector. The oleA open reading frame (SEQ ID NO: 11) based on the amino acid sequence of Xanthomonas axonopodis GenBank accession #NP_640589.1 GI:21241007 (SEQ ID NO: 12) was PCR amplified from the DNA 2.0 plasmid using primers LF307 (SEQ ID NO: 39) and LF308 (SEQ ID NO: 40). The PCR product was digested with PciI and HindIII and cloned into the pET21d vector. The oleA open reading frame (SEQ ID NO: 17) based on the amino acid sequence of Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485 NCBI GenBank accession #ZP_01515932.1 GI:118047293 (SEQ ID NO: 18) was PCR amplified from the DNA 2.0 plasmid using primers LF313 (SEQ ID NO: 41) and LF314 (SEQ ID NO: 42). The PCR product was digested with PciI and HindIII and cloned into the pET21d vector. The synthetic versions of the oleC (SEQ ID NO: 13) and oleD (SEQ ID NO: 15) genes from Xanthomonas axonopodis, the oleC (SEQ ID NO: 19) and oleD (SEQ ID NO: 21) genes from Chloroflexus aggregans, and the oleC gene from Plesiocystis pacifica (SEQ ID NO: 87) were directly subcloned from the DNA 2.0 pJ201 vectors in front of the T7 promoter in the pCOLADuet and pET2 Id vectors using NcoI and HindIII.

The aliphatic ketone producing activity of OleA from S. maltophilia, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and Chloroflexus aggregans was assessed by detecting aliphatic ketones when the respective OleA was expressed in E. coli. E. coli C41(DE3) cells were transformed with the plasmid of interest, and induced using the described T7 expression protocol. Next, the pellets were extracted using Extraction Method 1 and aliphatic ketones were observed by GC/MS Detection Method 1. Similar methods can be used to express OleA from any organism of interest and to subsequently detect aliphatic ketones by GC/MS. The aliphatic ketones observed by GC/MS were saturated, mono-unsaturated, and di-unsaturated which ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₃ (see FIG. 9 and Table 19).

The hydrocarbon synthase activities of OleA, OleC, and OleD from Xanthomonas axonopodis and Chloroflexus aggregans and OleC from Plesiocystis pacifica were assessed using a complementation assay testing for olefin production. The activity of OleA from X. axonopodis and C. aggregans was assessed in an E. coli strain that also expressed OleC and OleD from S. maltophilia. The activity of OleC was assessed in an E. coli strain that also expressed OleA and OleD from S. maltophilia. More specifically, to test for OleA hydrocarbon synthase activity, cells were transformed with three plasmids carrying oleA from the organism of interest, oleC (S. maltophilia), and oleD (S. maltophilia). The transformed cells were then subjected to fermentation, extraction, and GC/MS detection methods.

To test for OleC hydrocarbon synthase activity, cells were transformed with three plasmids carrying oleAB (S. maltophilia), oleC from the organism of interest, and oleD (S. maltophilia). The addition of OleB to the E. coli is optional. The transformed cells were then subjected to fermentation, extraction, and GC/MS detection methods.

To test for OleD hydrocarbon synthase activity, cells were transformed with three plasmids carrying oleAB (S. maltophilia), oleC (S. maltophilia), and oleD from the organism of interest. The addition of OleB to the E. coli is optional. The transformed cells were then subjected to fermentation, extraction, and GC/MS detection methods.

For example, the strains used to assess oleC activity from C. aggregans, X. axonopodis, and P. pacifica were of the following genotypes: E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE; pCOLADuet_OleAB, pCDFDuet_OleD, pET21d_OleC(Ch1). E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE; pCOLADuet_OleAB, pCDFDuet_OleD, pET21d_OleC(Xan). E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE; pCOLADuet_OleAB, pCDFDuet_OleD, pET21d_OleC(Ple). The strains used to assess oleD activity from C. aggregans, and X. axonopodis were of the following genotypes: E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE; pCOLADuet_OleAB, pCDFDuet_OleC, pET21d_OleD(Ch1). E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE; pCOLADuet_OleAB, pCDFDuet_OleC, pET21d OleD(Xan). The strains used to assess oleA activity from C. aggregans, and X. axonopodis were of the following genotype E. coli C41(DE3); ΔfadE; pET21d_OleA(Ch1); pACYCDuet_OleCD; pCDFDuet_fadD and, E. coli C41(DE3); ΔfadE; pET21d_OleA(Xan); pACYCDuet_OleCD; pCDFDuet_fadD.

To demonstrate that ole genes based solely on the S. maltophilia amino acid sequences are not required for hydrocarbon production in E. coli, a strain with the oleA, oleC, and oleD genes encoding for the three X. axonopodis protein sequences were used to test for hydrocarbon production in E. coli. E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE; pET21d_OleA(Xan), pCOLADuet_OleD(Xan), pCDF_Duet_OleC(Xan) was made and assessed for the ability to produce hydrocarbons. The pellets were then extracted and analyzed for the production of hydrocarbons by GC/MS. The hydrocarbons observed by CC/MS were mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated olefins which ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₁ (Table 19).

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the three related OleA protein sequences from S. maltophilia, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and Chloroflexus aggregans all function to produce aliphatic ketones when expressed in E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE. The results of the experiments reflected in this example also demonstrate that the OleA protein sequences from S. maltophilia, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and Chloroflexus aggregans all function to produce hydrocarbons when expressed in E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE expressing known functional oleC and oleD genes. Additionally, the results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the three related OleC protein sequences from Xanthomonas axonopodis, Chloroflexus aggregans, and Plesiocystis pacifica all function to produce olefins when expressed in E. coli C4 (DE3) ΔfadE expressing known functional oleA and oleD genes. Similarly, the two related OleD protein sequences from Xanthomonas axonopodis and Chloroflexus aggregans both function to produce olefins when expressed in E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE expressing known functional oleA and oleC genes. In addition, ole genes showing activity in combination with other functional ole genes produce hydrocarbons, whether or not they are derived from the same organism. For example, ole genes from Xanthomonas axonopodis function together with ole genes derived from S. maltophilia to produce hydrocarbons.

TABLE 19 Aliphatic Ketone Protein Organism DNA C27 C27:1 C27:2 C29 C29:1 C29:2 C31:1 C31:2 OleA S. maltophiha native + + + + + + + + AT CC17679 OleA S. maltophiha R551-3 synthetic + + + + + + + + OleA Xanthomonas synthetic + + + + + + + + axonopodis OleA Chloroflexus synthetic + + + + + + + + aggregans Olefin* C27:1 C27:2 C27:3 C29:1 C29:2 C29:3 C31:2 C31:3 OleA S. mahophilia R551-3 synthetic + + + + + + + + OleA Xanthomonas synthetic + + + + + + + + axonopodis OleA Chloroflexus synthetic + + + + + + + + aggregans OleC S. maltophilia native + + + + + + + + ATCC17679 OleC Xanthomonas synthetic + + + + + + + + axonopodis OleC Chloroflexus synthetic + + + + + + + + aggregans OleC Plesiocystis pacifica synthetic + + + + + + + + OleD S. mahophilia native + + + + + + + + ATCC17679 OleD Xanthomonas synthetic + + + + + + + + axonopodis OleD Chloroflexus synthetic + + + + + + + + aggregans OleACD Xanthomonas synthetic + + + + + + + + axonopodis *OleC was tested in the presence of OleA and OleD from S. maltophilia ATCC17679. OleD was tested in the presence of OleA and OleC from S. maltophilia ATCC17679. Ole A was tested in the presence of OleC and OleD from S. maltophilia ATCC17679.

This example demonstrates an in viva assay method for identifying OleA proteins with aliphatic ketone activity. In addition, this experiment demonstrates an in viva assay method for identifying OleA, OleC and OleD proteins with hydrocarbon synthase activity.

Example 7

This example demonstrates that amino acid motifs can be used to identify additional OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD protein sequences in publicly available databases.

Briefly, programs to search protein databases for specific amino acid patterns (motifs) are available over the Internet. One such program is offered by GenomeNet service through the Kyoto University Bioinformatics Center. The website, as of Aug. 1, 2007, was http://motif.genome.jp/MOTIF2.html. This motif searching program offers the user the ability to search the following databases: Swiss-Prot, PDBSTR, PIP, PRF, GENES and NR-AA. The user enters the specific amino acid pattern in the PROSITE format (see, e.g., Hofmann et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 27: 215-219 (1999)). For example, each residue must be separated by a − (minus); x represents any amino acid; [DE] means either D or E; (FWY) means any amino acid except for F, W, and Y; A(2,3) means that A appears 2 to 3 times consecutively; the pattern string must be terminated with a period. The user selects “search sequence databases for a given pattern,” enters a specific amino pattern as described above in the pattern box, and selects the database to be searched.

The motifs provided in Tables 3, 7, and 10 can be used to identify additional OleA proteins. For example, [LF]-X-X-[IVLM]-[ATSV]-G-[IV]-X-[EAHS]-R-R-X-W (SEQ ID NO: 64), which is a motif that defines the OleA protein cluster, was entered in the motif searching program as described above. Exemplary search results for this query are shown below in Table 20.

TABLE 20 Query Pattern: [LF]-X-X-[IVLM]-[ATSV]-G-[IV]-X-[EAHS]-R-R-X-W Searched in NR-AA database Entry Name Position Description 1. pir:H82615 43 . . . 55 [H82615] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III XF1970 [imported] - Xylella fastidiosa (strain 9a5c)>tr:Q3RAR4_XYLFA [Q3RAR4] 3-oxoacyl- (ACP) synthase III.>tr:Q87D54_XYLFT [Q87D54] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III 2. prf:2816338E 50 . . . 62 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase - Photobacterium profundum>tr:Q93CH0_PHOPR [Q93CH0] 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III.>gp:AF409100_5 [AF409100] 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III [Photobacterium profundum SS9] 3. prf:3108482HQG 43 . . . 55 3-oxoacyl synthase - Xanthomonas oryzae oryzae>tr:Q5GV10_XANOR [Q5GV10] 3- oxoacyl-synthase III.>tr:Q2NY94_XANOM [Q2NY94] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III. 4. prf:3117429DGF 43 . . . 55 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III-like protein - Colwellia psychrerythraea>tr:Q482Y9_COLP3 [Q482Y9] 3- oxoacyl-(Acyl carrier protein) synthase III, homolog.>gp:CP000083_2096 [CP000083] 3- oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase III, homolog [Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H] 5. prf:3122281XR 43 . . . 55 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase - Xanthomonas campestris vesicatoria>tr:Q3BZ43_XANC5 [Q3BZ43] 3- oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase III (EC 2.3.1.41).>gpu: AM039952_239 [AM039952] 3- oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase III [Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85- 10] 6. tr:A0H249_9CHLR 43 . . . 55 [A0H249] 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 7. tr:A1R7R4_ARTAT 81 . . . 93 [A1R7R4] Putative transcriptional regulator, TetR family.>gp:CP000474_2443 [CP000474] putative transcriptional regulator, TetR family [Arthrobacter aurescens TC1] 8. tr:A1S4T3_SHEAM 43 . . . 55 [A1S4T3] Putative 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier- protein) synthase III.>gp:CP000507_1177 [CP000507] putative 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier- protein) synthase III [Shewanella amazonensis SB2B] 9. tr:A2V0V9_SHEPU 43 . . . 55 [A2V0V9] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal.>tr:A1RLD2_SHESW [A1RLD2] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>tr:A4Y5D7_SHEPU [A4Y5D7] 3- Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein. 10. tr:Q0HTF5_SHESR 43 . . . 55 [Q0HTF5] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000444_2594 [CP000444] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Shewanella sp. MR-7] 11. tr:Q0KY22_9GAMM 43 . . . 55 [Q0KY22] Putative 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier- protein) synthase III. 12. tr:Q1K1K3_DESAC 43 . . . 55 [Q1K1K3] Von Willebrand factor, type A. 13. tr:Q3R6U7_XYLFA 43 . . . 55 [Q3R6U7] 3-oxoacyl-(ACP) synthase III.>tr:Q3REG9_XYLFA [Q3REG9] 3-oxoacyl- (Acyl-carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 14. tr:A1R681_ARTAT 49 . . . 61 [A1R681] Putative 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III.>gp:CP000474_1910 [CP000474] putative 3- oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III [Arthrobacter aurescens TC1] 15. tr:A3D2V1_9GAMM 43 . . . 55 [A3D2V1] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>tr:A4MM52_9GAMM [A4MM52] 3- Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>tr:A5NBF7_9GAMM [A5NBF7] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein. 16. tr:Q084U7_SHEFN 43 . . . 55 [Q084U7] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000447_1355 [CP000447] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400] 17. tr:Q0HH48_SHESM 43 . . . 55 [Q0HH48] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000446_2537 [CP000446] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Shewanella sp. MR-4] 18. tr:A0X3V3_9GAMM 43 . . . 55 [A0X3V3] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein. 19. tr:A1IES4_9DELT 43 . . . 55 [A1IES4] Putative 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein) synthase III. 20. tr:Q1ZDM4_9GAMM 43 . . . 55 [Q1ZDM4] 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 21. tr:A0J5A0_9GAMM 43 . . . 55 [A0J5A0] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal. 22. tr:A0KYS3_SHESA 43 . . . 55 [A0KYS3] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000469_2697 [CP000469] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Shewanella sp. ANA-3] 23. tr:A1SW97_PSYIN 43 . . . 55 [A1SW97] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000510_1891 [CP000510] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Psychromonas ingrahamii 37] 24. tr:A5CT00_CLAM3 51 . . . 63 [A5CT00] Putative 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase (EC 2.3.1.41).>gp:AM711867_2161 [AM711867] putative 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier- protein] synthase [Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB 382] 25. tr:Q12PH1_SHEDO 43 . . . 55 [Q12PH1] Putative 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier- protein) synthase III.>gp:CP000302_1358 [CP000302] putative 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier- protein) synthase III [Shewanella denitrificans OS217] 26. tr:Q1YZ92_PHOPR 43 . . . 55 [Q1YZ92] 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 27. tr:A1ATM6_PELPD 43 . . . 55 [A1ATM6] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000482_3055 [CP000482] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Pelobacter propionicus DSM 2379] 28. tr:A4A9J6_9GAMM 49 . . . 61 [A4A9J6] 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III. 29. tr:A5GFJ5_9DELT 43 . . . 55 [A5GFJ5] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000698_1982 [CP000698] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Geobacter uraniumreducens Rf4] 30. tr:A0W5R8_9DELT 43 . . . 55 [A0W5R8] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal. 31. tr:A3QDN2_SHELP 43 . . . 55 [A3QDN2] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein.>gp:CP000606_1707 [CP000606] 3- Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein [Shewanella loihica PV- 4] 32. tr:A3ZXB5_9PLAN 43 . . . 55 [A3ZXB5] 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 33. tr:Q3DYP6_CHLAU 43 . . . 55 [Q3DYP6] 3-oxoacyl-(ACP) synthase III. 34. tr:A1FUB4_XANMA 43 . . . 55 [A1FUB4] 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 35. tr:A4LZ02_9DELT 43 . . . 55 [A4LZ02] 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III C terminal domain protein. 36. tr:Q0YLU4_9DELT 43 . . . 55 [Q0YLU4] Putative 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier- protein) synthase III. 37. tr:Q40YV3_KINRA 87 . . . 99 [Q40YV3] Similar to 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl-carrier- protein). 38. tr:A6G0Q4_9DELT 43 . . . 55 [A6G0Q4] 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl carrier protein) synthase (EC 2.3.1.41). 39. tr:Q8EG66_SHEON 43 . . . 55 [Q8EG66] Putative uncharacterized protein.>gp:AE014299_1709 [AE014299] conserved hypothetical protein [Shewanella oneidensis MR-1] 40. tr:Q7UI20_RHOBA 79 . . . 91 [Q7UI20] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III (EC 2.3.1.41).>gp:BX294155_248 [BX294155] 3- oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III [Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1] 41. tr:Q6LS53_PHOPR 38 . . . 50 [Q6LS53] 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III.>gp:CR378667_231 [CR378667] 3-oxoacyl- acyl carrier protein synthase III [Photobacterium profundum SS9] 42. tr:Q4V064_XANC8 43 . . . 55 [Q4V064] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III.>tr:Q8PDX2_XANCP [Q8PDX2] 3-oxoacyl- [ACP] synthase III.>gp:CP000050_215 [CP000050] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III [Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 8004] 43. tr:Q8PQT8_XANAC 43 . . . 55 [Q8PQT8] 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] synthase III.>gp:AE011648_4 [AE011648] 3-oxoacyl- [ACP] synthase III [Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri str. 306] 44. tr:Q6AQA3_DESPS 44 . . . 56 [Q6AQA3] Probable 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier- protein] synthase III.>gp:CR522870_741 [CR522870] probable 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier- protein] synthase III [Desulfotalea psychrophila LSv54] 45. gpu:CP000750_1676 65 . . . 77 [CP000750] 3-Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase III domain protein [Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS30216]

Similarly, the motifs provided in Tables 4, 9, and 12 can be used to identify additional OleD enzymes having hydrocarbon synthase activity. These motifs can also be used to identify OleD enzymes having dehydrogenase activity. The motifs provided in Tables 5, 8, and 11 can be used to identify additional OleC enzymes having hydrocarbon synthase activity. The motifs provided in Table 6 can be used to identify additional OleB enzymes having hydrocarbon synthase activity.

The results of this example demonstrate that amino acid motifs for OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD can be used to identify additional OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD amino acid sequences. A person of ordinary skill in the art using the OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD amino acid sequences would also be able to identify the corresponding oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD genes which encode for the corresponding amino acid sequence. More specifically, these results demonstrate that SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133 can be used to search databases to identify additional OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD enzymes.

Example 8

This example demonstrates that expression of OleA in cells in which the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is altered results in enhanced production of aliphatic ketones.

OleA was expressed in a variety of E. coli cells as described in Examples 1 and 3. The resulting recombinant bacteria were cultured, induced, pelleted, and extracted using fermentation Method 2, Extraction Method 1, and Detection Method 1. The aliphatic ketones observed by GC/MS were saturated, mono-unsaturated, and di-unsaturated which ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₁.

Eight Different E. coli Hosts were Tested:

(1) wild type E. coli C41 (DE3); (2) E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE, which has a complete deletion of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase fadE; (3) E. coli C41(DE3) with a plasmid which expresses fadD upon induction with IPTG; (4) E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE with a plasmid which expresses fadD upon induction with IPTG; (5) E. coli C41(DE3) with a plasmid which expresses 'tesA, a truncated version of the tesA thioesterase A gene, upon induction with IPTG; (6) E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE with a plasmid which expresses 'tesA, a truncated version of the tesA thioesterase A gene, upon induction with IPTG; (7) E. coli C41(DE3) with both 'tesA and fadD contained on individual plasmids which are expressed upon induction with IPTG; and (8) E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE with both 'tesA and fadD contained on individual plasmids which are expressed upon induction with IPTG.

The plasmids (e.g., fadD and 'tesA) that alter the production of fatty acid pathway intermediates were made using standard molecular biology methods. All the cloned genes were put under the control of IPTG-inducible promoters (e.g., T7, tac or lac promoters). The 'tesA gene (SEQ ID NO: 25; thioesterase A gene accession NP_415027 without leader sequence (Cho et al., J. Biol. Chem., 270: 4216-9 (1995), EC: 3,1,1,5,3.1.2,-)) of E. coli was cloned into NdeI/AvrII digested pETDuet-1 (pETDuet-1, described herein, is available from EMD Chemicals, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).

The fadD gene (SEQ ID NO: 492) encoding acyl-CoA synthase from E. coli was cloned into a NcoI/HindIII digested pCDFDuet-1. Table 15 provides a summary of the plasmids generated to make several exemplary production strains. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that different plasmids and genomic modifications can be used to achieve similar strains.

Aliphatic ketone production was increased when oleA was expressed in each of the E. coli strains with different alterations in fadE, fadD, and/or tesA described above (see FIG. 10). For example, overexpression of E. coli 'tesA (pETDuet-1-'tesA) in one system achieved a 2.6 fold increase in aliphatic ketone production when compared to E. coli C41(DE3) expressing OleA protein. In another example, expression of oleA in the strain that combines the overexpression of E. coli 'tesA and fadD with a deletion of fadE achieved a 5 fold increase in aliphatic ketone production when compared to E. coli C41 (DE3) expressing OleA protein.

The results of this example demonstrate the ability to observe increases in aliphatic ketones produced by bacterial cells expressing oleA in combination with alterations in genes involved in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway of the cell.

Example 9

This example demonstrates that expression of oleA, oleC, and oleD in cells in which the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway has been altered results in enhanced production of olefins.

oleA, oleC, and oleD were expressed in the E. coli strains described in Example 8. The resulting recombinant bacteria were cultured, induced, pelleted, and extracted using Fermentation Method 2, Extraction Method 1, and Detection Method 1. The resulting olefins observed by GC/MS were mono-unsaturated, di-unsaturated, and tri-unsaturated which ranged in carbon chain length from C₂₇ to C₃₁.

The expression of oleA, oleC, and oleD in E. coli strains which combine the overexpression of 'tesA and fadD with a deletion of fadE resulted in a four-fold increase in the amount of olefins observed compared to E. coli strain expressing oleA, oleC, and oleD in the wild type E. coli background (see FIG. 11).

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that significantly increased amounts of olefins are observed in cells in which oleA, oleC, and oleD are expressed in combination with alterations in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.

Example 10

This example demonstrates that aldehydes, aliphatic ketones, and olefins are observed in an in vitro assay containing OleA and OleD.

His-tagged OleA and OleD proteins were expressed in E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE using overnight express instant TB medium according to the manufacturer's protocol (Novagen, Calif.). The proteins were purified using His Bind column chromatography using 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM imidazole pH 7.9, and 1 mM Tris(hydroxypropyl) phosphine (THP) (1× binding buffer). This was followed by 500 mM NaCl, 60 mM imidazole, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, and 1 mM THP (1× wash buffer) according to the instructions in User protocol TB054 Rev. F0106 (Novagen of EMD Chemicals, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). OleA protein was eluted from the His-bind columns using 1 M imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl, and 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9. OleD protein was eluted from the His-bind column using 0.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA, and 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9. All the proteins were buffer exchanged into 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM THP, and 10% glycerol using PD-10 columns according to the manufacturer's protocol (GE Healthcare, NJ).

The purified, His-tagged, OleA and OleD proteins were used in an in vitro assay. The in vitro assay reaction contained 1 mM myristoyl coenzyme A, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2.3 μM OleA, 2.4 μM OleD, 10 mM NADPH, and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in a total volume of 100 μL. The NADPH used in the assay was obtained from Sigma (N7505, St Louis Mo.) and prepared as a 100 mM stock solution in 50 mM Tris pH 7.5. Samples were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched with 500 μL of ethyl acetate containing 1% acetic acid. The mixture was mixed by vortexing followed by centrifugation. The top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred to a clean glass tube and dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.). The sample was resuspended in 40 μL of ethyl acetate and 10 μL of 0.1 mg/mL solution of hexacosane (prepared in ethyl acetate), which acted as a control spike, and analyzed by GC/MS (Run Time: 37.33 minutes; Column: HP-5-MS (5% diphenyl siloxane, 95% dimethyl siloxane) Part No. 19091S-433E, Length: (meters) 30, Internal diameter: (mm) 0.25 narrowbore, Film: (kM) 0.25; MSD Scan Range: 50-550 m/z; Inject: 1 μL Agilent 6890 N inlet; Inlet: 300° C. splitless; Carrier gas: Helium (flow rate: 1.3 mL/min); Oven Temp: 3 minute hold at 60° C.; 15° C./minute to 320° C.; 17 minute hold 320° C.; Det: Agilent 5975B XL EI/CI MSD; Det. Temp: 300° C.). Between 1 and 10 μL were analyzed for hydrocarbon content.

The resulting aldehydes, ketones, and olefins detected by GC/MS were tetradecanal, 14-heptacosanone, and isomers of heptacosene (see FIG. 12A-E). The compounds were identified based on retention time and MS spectral profiles.

The results of the experiment reflected in this example demonstrate the ability to observe aldehydes, aliphatic ketones, and olefins using OleA and OleD in an in vitro assay. Specifically, these results demonstrate that aldehydes, aliphatic ketones, and olefins are observed after incubation of OleA and OleD in the presence of myristoyl coenzyme A, MgCl₂, and NADPH in an in vitro assay.

Example 11

This example demonstrates that the amount of aldehydes and olefins observed in an in vitro assay comprising an acyl coenzyme A substrate, OleA, and OleD is significantly enhanced when purified OleB protein is added to the in vitro assay.

His-tagged OleA and OleD proteins were expressed and purified using His Bind column chromatography as described in Example 10. His-tagged OleB proteins were expressed and purified using the method described in Example 10. The OleA and OleB proteins were eluted from the His-bind columns using 1 M imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl, and 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9. The OleD protein was eluted from the His-bind column using 0.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA, and 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9. All the proteins were buffer exchanged into 50 μM Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM THP, and 10% glycerol using PD-10 columns according to the manufacturer's protocol (GE Healthcare, NJ).

The purified, His-tagged OleA, OleD, and OleB proteins were used in an in vitro assay. The in vitro assay reaction contained 1 mM myristoyl coenzyme A, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2.3 μM OleA, 2.4 μM OleD, 2.3 μM OleB, 10 mM NADPH, and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in a total volume of 100 μL. Samples were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched with 500 μL of ethyl acetate containing 1% acetic acid. The mixture was mixed by vortexing followed by centrifugation. The top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred to a clean glass tube and dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.); The sample was resuspended in 40 μL of ethyl acetate and 10 μL of 0.1 mg/mL solution of hexacosane (prepared in ethyl acetate), which acted as a control spike, and analyzed by GC/MS. Between 1 and 10 j±L were analyzed for the amount of aldehydes, aliphatic ketones, and olefins present.

The resulting aldehydes, aliphatic ketones, and olefins detected by GC/MS were tetradecanal, 14-heptacosanone, and isomers of heptacosene (see FIG. 13A-C). The compounds were identified based on retention time and MS spectral profiles. The area under the peak (AP) for each compound was assessed using MSD ChemStation software (Agilent technologies). The relative values were calculated by normalizing each of the reaction products produced by OleA/OleD to 1.0 (e.g., aldehyde produced by OleA+OleD+OleB=AP (OleA+OleD+OleB reaction)/AP (OleA+OleD reaction)). The relative values of aldehyde, olefins, and aliphatic ketones produced by OleA+OleD and OleA+OleD+OleB are shown in Table 21.

TABLE 21 Olefins C27:1 C27:1 Reaction Aldehyde Olefin 1 Olefin 2 Aliphatic Ketone OleA + OleD 1 1 1 1 OleA + OleD + OleB 8.3 8.2 8.2 0.2

The results of the experiment reflected in this example demonstrate that the amount of aldehyde or olefin observed in an in vitro assay comprising OleA, OleD, and OleB is higher than the amount of aldehyde or olefin observed in an in vitro assay comprising OleA and OleD.

Example 12

This example demonstrates that fatty acids can be converted to olefins by bacteria expressing an acyl-CoA synthase gene in combination with the olefin synthase genes (oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD).

The acyl-CoA synthase gene converts free fatty acids to activated fatty acyl-CoAs, one of the substrates for the olefin synthase genes. A number of different host strains transformed with an acyl-CoA synthase gene. The olefin synthase genes were used in a series of bioconversion experiments. All host strains yielded similar results and were produced using standard molecular biology techniques with the plasmids described in Example 1. The following host strains were used to generate the data shown in this example:

Host 1: E. coli MG1655 ΔfadE transformed with the olefin synthase operon pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcOleCD (SEQ ID NO: 78) and the acyl-CoA synthase FadD overexpression plasmid pACYCpTrcFadD. Host 2: E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE transformed with the olefin synthase operon pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcOleCD (SEQ ID NO: 78) and the acyl-CoA synthase FadD overexpression plasmid pETDuetFadD.

Bioconversion experiments were performed using the 25 mL fermentation procedure described in Example 1. At the time of induction, free fatty acids were added to the culture medium to a final concentration between 0.01% and 0.05% weight by volume fatty acid. The 1 mL whole cell culture method was used to extract the hydrocarbons. The products were analyzed using GC/MS as described in Example 1.

The hydrocarbons detected by GC/MS were mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated chains that ranged from C₁₉ to C33. The type of fatty acid substrates added to the fermentations and the olefins products that were detected are shown in Table 22. The amount and type of olefin detected varied depending on the type of fatty acid substrate that was added to the culture medium. This is most notable when the strains produce olefins that are not detected in the control strain, which was not fed. For example, Table 22 shows that a C10 fatty acid is converted into a C19:1 olefin, which would reflect the condensation of two C10 fatty acyl-CoA molecules. C23:1 and C23:2 olefins are also formed. This reflects the condensation of the C10 fatty acyl-CoA with a C14:0 or C14:1 fatty acyl-activated ester, which are naturally produced by the E. coli host strain. Longer chain olefins such as C31:3 are formed when the cell converts C16:1 fatty acids to olefins. When non-native fatty acid substrates were fed, such as the odd chain fatty acids C13, CI 5, and C17, unique even chain olefins of C26, C28, and C30 were detected. This suggests that the exogenous fatty acids are being converted into olefins.

TABLE 22 Olefin Produced Feeding of fatty acids of different chain length (mg/L/OD) None C10 C12 C13 C14 C15 C17 C14:1 C16:1* C18:1 019:1 0.32 023:2 0.60 023:1 0.44 0.82 025:2 0.73 0.82 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.06 025:1 0.30 0.50 1.37 0.10 0.34 0.04 026:2 1.05 026:1 0.72 027:3 0.60 0.15 0.17 0.33 0.18 0.44 0.40 2.20 0.31 0.85 027:2 0.97 0.29 0.84 0.46 2.33 0.40 0.43 13.72 0.62 1.50 027:1 0.28 0.14 0.44 0.35 5.29 0.35 0.10 0.12 0.51 028:2 0.76 0.60 028:1 0.55 0.26 029:3 0.46 0.17 0.23 0.42 0.14 0.78 0.50 1.32 2.00 0.85 029:2 0.58 0.24 0.34 0.54 1.01 0.56 0.41 5.70 1.39 1.10 029:1 0.15 0.10 0.13 0.24 0.80 0.40 0.17 0.82 0.44 030:2 0.03 0.40 030:1 0.06 0.14 031:3 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.04 0.27 0.11 0.15 031:2 0.03 0.01 0.14 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.34 2.00 0.20 033:3 1.39 *culture performed using E. coli C41 (DE3) ΔfadE, instead of E. coli MG 1655 ΔfadE

Bioconversion of fatty acids enhanced the total production of olefins in the majority of the experiments. For example, the total amount of olefin produced after feeding C13, C14, C14:1 and C16:1 fatty acids was increased more than twofold when compared to the amount of olefin produced in the control strain which was not fed (see Table 23).

TABLE 23 Bioconversion of Fatty Acids to Olefins Total Olefin Fatty Acid OD₆₀₀ (mg/L/OD) None 1.51 3.13 C10 1.62 3.47 C12 1.89 4.3 C13 3.53 7.18 C14 2.78 9.96 C15 3.45 4.71 C17 2.55 2.18 C14:1 2.4 24.44 C16:1 3.79 7.95 C18:1 2.24 5.7

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the expression of OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, and FadD in E. coli results in the production of olefins derived from exogenous and endogenous fatty acids. In addition, the results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that expression of OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, and FadD in bacteria fed fatty acids results in the bioconversion of fatty acids to olefins and a significant increase in the total olefin production. Moreover, this example demonstrates that bioconversion can be used to control the types of olefins produced by the host.

Example 13

This example demonstrates that fatty acids can be converted to aliphatic ketones by bacteria expressing an acyl-CoA synthase gene in combination with the acyl-condensing enzyme OleA.

The acyl-CoA synthase gene converts free fatty acids to activated fatty acyl-CoAs, one of the substrates for the OleA acyl-CoA condensation reaction.

The following host strain was used to generate the data shown in this example: E. coli MG1655 ΔfadE, with a constitutively expressed fadD gene generated by replacing the native promoter with a T5 constitutive promoter (see Example 1), transformed with the pCL1920pTrcOleA plasmid for expression of OleA (see Example 1 for description of this plasmid). The host strain was cultured, induced with IPTG, and fed fatty acids of different chain length according to the procedures described in Example 12. The 1 mL whole cell culture method was used to extract the hydrocarbons. The products were analyzed using GC/MS as described in Example 1.

The hydrocarbons detected by GC/MS were saturated as well as mono- and di-unsaturated aliphatic ketones that ranged from C₁₉ to C₃₁ (see Table 24). The type of fatty acid added to the fermentations and the aliphatic ketones that were observed are shown in Table 18. Even numbered carbon-chain aliphatic ketones were produced after feeding non-native fatty acids such as C13, C15, and C17.

TABLE 24 Aliphatic ketone produced (mg/L/ Feeding of fatty acids of different chain length OD) None C10 C12 C13 C14 C15 C17 C14:1 C16:1 C18:1 25:1 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.04 25:0 26:1 0.05 26:0 0.02 27:2 0.06 0.39 0.72 0.19 0.26 0.97 1.46 0.85 0.85 0.53 27:1 0.07 0.43 0.70 0.25 0.50 1.07 1.41 3.77 1.87 1.17 27:0 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.14 0.14 0.21 2.58 0.42 0.36 28:1 0.03 0.19 0.02 28:0 0.02 0.07 0.01 29:2 0.02 0.19 0.37 0.09 0.14 0.52 0.71 0.33 0.80 0.16 29:1 0.02 0.13 0.27 0.08 0.21 0.60 0.70 1.37 1.41 0.16 29:0 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.99 0.17 31:2 0.03 0.12 31:1 0.14

Bioconversion of fatty acids enhanced the production of aliphatic ketones in all of the samples tested with a greater than 50 fold enhancement when feeding a preferred substrate such as C14:1 (see Table 25).

TABLE 25 Bioconversion of Fatty Acids to Aliphatic Ketones Total Aliphatic Ketones Fatty Acid OD₆₀₀ (mg/L/OD) None 3.53 0.19 C10 3.43 1.20 C12 4.26 2.28 C13 4.29 0.78 C14 5.48 1.29 C15 4.09 3.65 C17 4.04 4.59 C14:1 4.63 9.91 C16:1 4.15 5.83 C18:1 4.18 2.42

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the expression of OleA and FadD in E. coli resulted in the production of aliphatic ketones derived from exogenous and endogenous fatty acids. In addition, the results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the expression of OleA and FadD in bacteria fed fatty acids resulted in the bioconversion of fatty acids to aliphatic ketones and a significant increase in total aliphatic ketone production. This example demonstrates that bioconversion can be used to control the types of aliphatic ketones produced by the host strain as well as to enhance the amounts of aliphatic ketones produced.

Example 14

This example demonstrates ways to control the types of olefins that can be produced in bacteria.

In order to produce acyl-CoAs (a substrate for aliphatic ketone and olefin synthesis) of differing chain length in bacteria, different thioesterases, including Uc FatB1 (Voelker et al., Science, 257: 72-74 (1992)), Ch FatB2 (Dehesh et al., Plant J., 9: 167-72 (1996)), 'TesA (Cho et al., supra), or Cc FatB1 (Yuan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 10639-43 (1995)) were produced in combination with a acyl-CoA synthase (FadD; EC 6.2.1.3). In order to produce olefins with different chain lengths, variations in the type of acyl-CoA substrates produced (i.e., bacteria expressing different thioesterases) were combined with olefin synthase genes oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD.

A number of strains were generated that demonstrate the ability to produce a range of olefins with varying chain lengths (see Table, 26). All strains were made in the E. coli C41(DE3) ΔfadE host using standard methods of transformation, such as electroporation or chemical transformation. To maintain each plasmid within the strain, the appropriate antibiotic selection was applied throughout the experiment. A control strain (OS333), which does not contain the thioesterase plasmid, was generated. In addition, strains expressing the combination of a thioesterase, a fatty acyl-CoA synthase, and the olefin synthase genes were generated. A detailed description of the construction of each plasmid can be found in

TABLE 26 Strain # Olefin Synthase Acyl-CoA synthase Thioesterase OS333 pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD pACYCDuet-fadD None OS335 pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD pACYCDuet-fadD pLS9-80 (Uc FatB1) OS336 pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD pACYCDuet-fadD pLS9-82 (Ch FatB2) OS338 pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD pACYCDuet-fadD pLS9-85 (‘TesA) OS342 pCL1920pTrcOleABpTrcLOleCD pACYCDuet-fadD pLS9-77 (Cc FatB1)

Standard 25 mL fermentations and standard 1 mL whole cell culture extractions were performed as described in Example 1. Samples were analyzed by the GC/MS method described in Example 1. An internal standard of hexacosane was used to determine the amounts of each olefin produced (see Table 27).

In 1962 Mart and Ingraham published a paper demonstrating that temperature influences the degree of saturation in lipids produced by E. coli (Marr et al., J Bacteriol., 84: 1260-7 (1962)). Low temperatures result in the production of lipids with a greater degree of unsaturation while higher temperatures result in higher quantities of saturated lipids. To determine if temperature influences the degree of saturation, the fermentations were performed at two different temperatures, 37° C. and 25° C. The top of Table 27 shows the results for fermentations performed at 37° C., and the bottom half of Table 27 shows the

TABLE 27 Olefin ((mg/L/OD600 unit) OD600 C23:2 C23:1 C25:2 C25:1 C27:3 C27:2 C27:1 C29:3 C29:2 C29:1 C31:3 C31:2 C33:1 Total unit 37° C. no TE 0.354 0.253 0.037 0.314 0.423  0.050 0.168 0.012 1.611 3.105 UcFatB1 0.150 0.591 0.106 0.633 0.488 0.114 0.459 0..383 0.014 0.168 3.106 1.342 ChFatB2 0.936 0.729 0.095 0.793 1.093  0.136 0.273 4.055 1.754 tesA 0.767 0.650 0.104 0.708 0..583 0.091 0.173 0.076 3.153 3.136 CcFatB1 0.668 0.654 0.130 0.453 0.644  0.106 0.222 0.042 2.919 3.567 25° C. no TE 0.787 0.378 1.737 0.863  1.621 0.305 0.300 5.991 1.542 UcFatB1 0.981 1.955 0.298 1.640 0.403  0.466 5.742 0.402 ChFatB2 0.225 0.236 0.364 0.191 0.821 0.381  0.675 0.129 0.135 2.933 2.030 tesA 0.069 1.175 1.201 0.263 2.599 1.589  0.173 1.255 0.094 8.417 2.192 CcFatB1 0.335 0.118 2.168 2.384 0.533 2.300 1.424  0.179 1.818 0.684 0.191 12.135 3.168 The length of the olefin and the degree of unsaturation are indicated as CX:Y, wherein X represents the number of carbons in the olefin and Y indicates the number of double bonds.

The results reflected in Table 27 demonstrate that expression of a thioesterase in combination with a fatty acyl-CoA synthase and olefin synthase genes produces olefins with different chain lengths depending on the thioesterase used. Thioesterases such as Uc FatB1, which is known as a lauroyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase with specificity for C12:0 fatty acyl-ACPs, and Ch FatB2 can be used to produce C23 and C25 length olefins, which are not seen in the control strain. These results also demonstrate that the amount of a specific olefin, such as a C27 olefin, can be enhanced by the addition of a thioesterase with specificity for C14 fatty acyl-ACPs, such as Cc FatB1. Alternatively, the amount of C27 and C29 can be enhanced by the addition of 'TesA, which has specificity for C14 and C16 chain length fatty acyl-ACPs.

The results set forth in Table 27 also demonstrate that the temperature at which the fermentation is performed will influence the types of olefins that are produced by the bacteria. In particular, temperature influences the saturation level of the olefins produced. Olefins with a single double bond are formed from the condensation of two saturated fatty acids. Fermentations performed at 37° C. result in the production of olefins with a higher degree of saturation compared to fermentations that were performed at 25° C.

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that by combining olefin synthase genes with genes that produce different chain length fatty acyl-CoAs, the length of the olefin produced can be controlled. In addition; the results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that the degree of saturation in the olefins produced by the bacteria can be controlled by altering environmental conditions, such as the temperature of the fermentations.

Example 15

This example demonstrates the functional expression of oleA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in the in vitro production of aliphatic ketones.

The oleA nucleic acid sequence was PCR amplified by standard methods from a plasmid containing the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17679 oleA gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and cloned into yeast expression vectors using standard techniques, as described herein. Briefly, oleA (SEQ ID NO: 1) was amplified using primers LB217 (SEQ ID NO: 43) and LF304 (SEQ ID NO: 44). The oleA amplification product was cloned into pESC-HIS using the restriction enzymes ApaI and XhoI creating plasmid pESC-His-oleA (SEQ ID NO: 134).

S. cerevisiae (BY4741) yeast cells were then transformed with either a plasmid containing oleA (SEQ ID NO: 134) or a plasmid not containing oleA. The transformed yeast cells were cultured to allow expression of oleA. The cells were pelleted and then lysed using YeastBuster™ (Novagen, Madison, Wis.). Myristoyl-CoA was added to the cell lysate. The aliphatic ketones were extracted from the reaction using 1% acetic acid in ethyl acetate and analyzed using GC/MS, as described in Example 1.

The aliphatic ketone 14-heptacosanone, a C27 aliphatic ketone, was identified by GC/MS in cell lysates from yeast cells transformed with the oleAplasmid pESC-His-oleA (see FIG. 14A). This demonstrates that oleA can be expressed in S. cerevisiae to produce aliphatic ketones. Similar methods can be used to express oleA in any cell of interest, prepare cell lysate, and subsequently analyze the production of aliphatic ketones.

The results of the experiment reflected in this example demonstrate that oleA can be expressed in S. cerevisiae leading to the in vitro production of aliphatic ketones.

Example 16

This example demonstrates that deuterated aldehydes and olefins are observed in an in vitro assay containing purified OleA, cell lysate containing OleD, and deuterated NADPH.

OleA protein was produced for these experiments by fermentation of E. coli C41 (DE3) transformed with pET-21b(+)_OleA. The His-tagged OleA was purified as described in Example 10. OleD cell lysate was produced for these experiments by fermentation of E. coli C41(DE3) transformed with pET-21b(+)_OleD using overnight express instant TB medium according to the manufacturer's protocol (Novagen, Calif.). 10 mL of overnight culture was used to prepare the cell lysates. The culture was centrifuged to concentrate the cells into a pellet. The supernatant was removed. The pellet was resuspended in 2 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The cell suspension was then lysed using sonication (5 times in 5 sec pulses at 0.5 power). 2 μL of Benzonase® (Novagen, Calif.) was added to the cell lysate and the sample was kept at room temperature for 20 minutes. This cell lysate was used as the source of OleD protein.

Deutero-NADPH was prepared according to the following protocol. 5 mg of NADP⁺ and 3.6 mg of D-glucose-1-d was added to 2.5 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Enzymatic production of labeled NADPH was initiated by the addition of 5 units of glucose dehydrogenase from either Bacillus megaterium (USB Corporation) for the production of R-(4-²H)NADPH or Thermoplasma acidophilum (Sigma) for the production of S-(4-²H)NADPF. The reaction was incubated for 15 minutes at 37° C., centrifuge-filtered using a 10 KDa MWCO Amicon Ultra centrifuge filter (Millipore), flash frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80° C.

The in vitro assay reaction contained 0.1 mM myristoyl coenzyme A, 10 mM MgCl₂, 10 μL of 1/10 dilution of OleD lysate, 50 μL deutero-NADPH (prepared as described above), 2.1 μM OleA, and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in a total volume of 0.1 mL. The myristoyl coenzyme A used was obtained from Sigma (M4414, St Louis Mo.) and prepared as a 10 mM stock solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0. Samples were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched with 500 μL of ethyl acetate containing 1% acetic acid/0.15% formic acid. The mixture was mixed by vortexing followed by centrifugation. The top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred to a clean glass tube and dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.). The sample was resuspended in 40 μL of ethyl acetate and 10 L of 0.1 mg/mL solution of hexacosane (prepared in ethyl acetate), which acted as a control spike, and analyzed by GC/MS. Between 1 and 10 μL were analyzed for specific hydrocarbons.

The resulting aldehydes and olefins detected by GC/MS were tetradecanal and isomers of heptacosene (see FIG. 15A-H). Because hydride transfer from NADPH is stereospecific, both R-(4-²H)NADPH and S-(4-²H)NADPH were synthesized. Aldehyde and olefins with a plus one unit mass were observed using only the R-(4-²H)NADPH. The fact that the aldehyde and olefins were labeled indicates that the deuterated hydrogen has been transferred from the labeled NADPH to the labeled aldehyde or olefin. This demonstrates that NADPH is used in the enzymatic reaction. The fact that the hydride transfer is stereospecific is indicative of an enzymatic reaction.

The results of the experiment reflected in this example demonstrate that oleD encodes a pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that OleD catalyzes the hydride transfer from NADPH to intermediates in olefin biosynthesis, such that that transferred hydride remains in the olefin product. Hydride transfer occurring in the presence of OleA and myristoyl CoA resulted in the detection of both Cl-deutero-tetradecanal, and C14-deutero, delta-13, heptacosene.

Example 17

This example demonstrates the ability to synthesize aliphatic olefins in vitro.

Protocol for Protein Expression and Preparation of Lysate for Assessing Activity of OleAB/C/D Proteins

E. coli C4 (DE3) transformed with pETDuet_OleAB and pCOLADuet_OleCD was used to create a bacterial lysate containing the four Ole proteins (OleA, OleB, OleC and OleD).

E. coli C41(DE3) cells transformed with pETDuet_OleAB and pCOLADuet_OleCD were grown in Luria Broth containing kanamycin (50 μg/mL final concentration) and carbenecillin (100 μg/mL final concentration) to OD of 0.5-1.0 at 37° C. The cultures were then induced with 1 mM IPTG and grown overnight at 37° C. The overnight grown cultures were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes. The supernatant was discarded. The pellets were frozen at −80° C. to be used later. Cell pellets obtained from 10 mL of induced overnight cultures were resuspended in 2 mL of buffer and lysed using sonication (5 times in 5 sec pulses at 0.5 power). In the sonicated lysate, 2 pIL of Benzonase® (Novagen, Calif.) was added, and the sample was kept at room temperature for 20 minutes. This lysate was used as the source of OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD proteins.

Protocol for Preparation of Myristoyl-ACP

Myristoyl-ACP was synthesized as described in Rock et al., Methods Enzymol., 72: 397-403 (1981), with some modifications. Briefly, a reaction mixture containing 5 mM ATP, 2 mM DTT, 2% Triton X-100, 10 mM LiCl, 160 μM Myristic acid-sodium salt, 65 μM ACP-SH, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, and 1.5-3 μg/mL acyl-ACP synthase in a final volume of 1-4 mL was incubated at 37° C. for 3 hours and then incubated overnight at 30° C., The acyl-ACP synthase used was purchased from invitrogen. The reaction mixture was diluted with three volumes of water and the pH was titrated to 6.0 with acetic acid. The solution was applied to a HiTrap DEAE FF 5 mL column (GE Healthcare). The column was washed with three column volumes of 10 mM bis-Tris-HCl, pH 6.0, to remove the bulk of the Triton X-100. The residual Triton X-100 and the free fatty acid was removed by eluting the column with three column volumes of 80% 2-propanol. The 2-propanol was cleared with three column volumes of 10 mM bis-Tris-HCl, pH 6.0. The myristoyl-ACP and the unreacted ACP-SH were eluted from the column with 10 mL of 0.6 M LiCl in 10 mM bis-Tris-HCl, pH 6.0. The eluate containing myristoyl-ACP was buffer exchanged into 50 mM sodium-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and concentrated to 1 mL using MWCO 3 kDa concentrators (Millipore). The myristoyl-ACP concentration was determined using the Bradford assay (BioRad) and densitometry analysis onNuPAGE 12% Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE gel (Invitrogen) in two steps: first, the total protein concentration of the C14-ACP/ACP-SH fraction was determined by a Bradford assay (BioRad protein assay); second, the C14-ACP concentration was calculated as a percent of the total protein concentration based on SDS-PAGE followed by a densitometry analysis. C14-ACP was stored in 50 mM Na-phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at −20° C. and was stable for up to 3 months.

A Method to Produce Olefins

E. coli C41(DE3) transformed with pETDuetOleAOleB and pCOLADuetOleCOleD was used to create a cell lysate containing OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD proteins as described above. The in vitro assay reaction contained 0.1 mM myristoyl coenzyme A or 0.1 mM myristoyl-ACP, 10 mM MgCl₂, 360 μL of cell Lysate from E. coli C41(DE3) transformed with pETDuetOleAOleB and pCOLADuetOleCOleD, 1 mM NADPH (Sigma, Mo.), 1 mM ATP (Sigma, Mo.), 1 mM HSCoA (Sigma, Mo.), and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in a total volume of 1 mL. The myristoyl coenzyme A used was obtained from Sigma (M4414, St Louis Mo.) and prepared as a 10 mM stock solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0. Samples were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched with 5 mL of ethyl acetate containing 1% acetic acid/0.1% formic acid. The mixture was mixed by vortexing followed by centrifugation. 4 mL of the top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred to a clean glass tube and dried under vacuum in a centrifuge (Vacufuge 5301, Eppendorf, Westbury, N.Y.). The sample was resuspended in 40 μL of ethyl acetate and 10 μL of 0.1 mg/mL solution of hexacosane (prepared in ethyl acetate), which acted as a control spike, and analyzed by GC/MS. 1 μL was analyzed for specific hydrocarbons.

The resulting olefins detected by GC/MS were C27: 1, C27:2, and C27:3 (see FIG. 16A-C). Table 28 shows the percent of C27:1 olefin produce by cell lysates from E. coli C41(DE3) transformed with pETDuetOleAOleB and pCOLADuetOleCOleD in the presence of C14-CoA or C14-ACP. The percent of C27:1 olefin was calculated by: [C27:1 peak area/(C27:1 peak area+C27:2 peak area+C27:3 peak area)]×100. The results shown in Table 28 indicate that addition of C14-CoA or C14-ACP to cell lysate from E. coli C41(DE3) transformed with pETDuetOleAOleB and pCOLADuetOleCOleD leads to an increase in the amount of C27:1 olefin. This indicates that E. coli C41(DE3) transformed with pETDuetOleAOleB and pCOLADuetOleCOleD present in the lysate can use C14-CoA or C14-ACP to form C27:1-olefin.

TABLE 28 % of C27:1 in C27 alkenes Lysate + C14-CoA 47 Lysate + C14-ACP 41 Lysate only 24

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrate that an in vitro assay comprising myristoyl-ACP or myristoyl coenzyme A in combination with OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD can be used to synthesize olefins.

Example 18

This example demonstrates that the OleA, OleB, OleC and OleD protein sequences can be used to identify organisms that naturally produce hydrocarbons.

The pBLAST bioinformatic program was used to identify protein sequences that belong to the OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD protein families. A small number of organisms containing all four Ole protein sequences clustered together were identified (see, e.g., Table 1). Of these organisms, the following four organisms have been shown in the literature to produce the types of olefins described herein: Stenotrophomonas mactophilia, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Chloroflexus species, and various Micrococcus species, including the recently sequenced Micrococcus lureus (Tornabene et al., supra, Suen et al., supra, Morrison et al., supra; van der Meer et al., supra; Albro et al., supra; Philips et al., supra). To confirm that other organisms containing OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD will naturally produce olefins, Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 (ATCC BAA-1386) from Table 1 was selected to test for olefin production. Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 has not been reported in the literature as producing olefins.

Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 was grown in 100 mL of Corynebacterium broth which is composed of 10 g casein peptone (tryptic digest), 5 g glucose, 5 g yeast extract, and 5 g NaCl per liter in a 500 mL flask with shaking at 30° C. for 48 hours. After 48 hours, 5 mL of the broth was extracted according to a modified Extraction Method 1. Specifically, after the initial pelleting of the cell culture the pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of water and recentrifuged to remove residual culture broth. The final pellet was resuspended in 100 μL of water. The remainder of Extraction Method 1 was followed (see Example 1). The extract was analyzed by GC/MS using Detection Method 1. The olefins detected by GC/MS were C₂₉ monounsaturated olefin (see FIG. 19A-B).

The results reflected in this example demonstrate that organisms with protein sequences for OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD produce olefins. In addition, this example demonstrates that bioinformatics can be used to identify olefin producing organisms by identifying organisms with OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD in their protein sequence. More specifically, this examples demonstrates that Arthrobacter aurescens TC1, which has the OleA, OleB, OleC, and OleD protein sequences, produces C₂₉ modounsaturated olefin.

Example 19

This example demonstrates that biologically based olefins are distinguishable from petroleum based olefins. In particular, this example demonstrates that olefins produced by organisms, such as E. coli expressing the oleA, oleB, oleC, and oleD genes, can be distinguished from petroleum based olefins.

Purified biologically based olefins produced by fermentation of E. coli C41 (DE3); pETDuet-1_OleAB; pCOLADuet-1_OleCD were compared to a petroleum based olefin, (Z)-9-Tricosene (97%, Sigma-Aldrich, CAS number: 27519-02-4), using standard carbon dating techniques. Samples were sent to Beta Analytic, Inc. (Miami, Fla., USA) for testing. The biologically based carbon content of the samples were measured using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) based on ASTM D6866. The AMS measures the carbon isotope ratio of ¹³C to C¹² and ¹⁴C in graphite derived from the sample powders. The biologically based carbon content of the samples was then calculated from the carbon isotope ratio of ¹³C to ¹²C and the amount of ¹⁴C present.

The olefin samples analyzed were produced and purified using the following method. E. coli C41(DE3); pETDuet-1_OleAB; pCOLADuet-1 OleCD was grown in 5 mL of LB medium supplemented with 100 mg/L carbenicillin and 50 mg/L kanamycin for 12 hours. This 12 hour culture was used to inoculate a larger culture comprised of 200 mL of F1 shake flask media containing: 3 g/L KH₂PO₄, 6.62 g/L K₂HPO₄, 4 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.15 g/L MgSO₄, 5 g/L glucose (dextrose DX0145-5 EMD Chemicals, Inc. NJ), 1.25 mL/L of trace mineral solution, and 1.25 mL/L of trace vitamin solution supplemented with 100 mg/L carbenicillin and 50 mg/L kanamycin. The trace minerals solution contained per liter: 27 g FeCl₃. 6H₂O, 2 g ZnCl₄H₂O, 2 g CaCl₂.6H₂O, 2 g Na₂MoO₄ 2H₂O, 1.9 g CuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.5 g H₃BO₃, and 100 mL concentrated HCl. The trace vitamin solution contained per liter: 0.42 g riboflavin, 5.4 g pantothenic acid, 6 g niacin, 1.4 g pyridoxine, 0.06 g biotin, and 0.04 g folic acid. 50 mL of seed culture was used to inoculate a 2 L Biostat Aplus bioreactor (Sartorius BBl) which initially contained 1 L of sterilized FI fermentation medium. The sterilized FI fermentation medium contained: 1.5 g/L KH₂PO₄, 4.34 g/L K₂HPO₄ trihydrate, 4 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.150 g/L MgSO₄ heptahydrate, 5 g/L sterile filtered glucose (dextrose EMD Chemicals, Inc. NJ), 1.25 mL/L of trace mineral solution, 1.25 mL/L of trace vitamin solution, and antibiotics at the same concentration as utilized in the shake flask. The pH of the culture was maintained at 7.2 using 1 M H₂SO₄ and 30% w/v NH₄OH. The temperature was maintained at 37° C., the aeration rate at 21 pm (2 v/v/m), and the dissolved oxygen tension at 30% of saturation, utilizing an agitation loop cascaded to the DO controller. Foaming was controlled by the automated addition of an autoclaved solution of Antifoam 204 (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, Mo.). A nutrient feed composed of 60 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 3.9 g/L MgSO₄ heptahydrate, 430 g/L glucose, 10 mL/L of the trace mineral solution, and 10 mL/L of the vitamin solution was provided under aerobic fermentation conditions for 48 hours in the fermentor. The glucose sugar source for the fermentations was derived from corn.

A nutrient feed composed of 60 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 3.9 g/L MgSO₄ heptahydrate, 430 g/L glucose, 10 mL/L of the trace mineral solution, and 10 mL/L of the vitamin solution was provided when the glucose in the initial medium was depleted (approximately 6 hours following inoculation). The nutrient feed was gradually increased or decreased during the fermentation to maintain a residual glucose level in the medium of less than 10 g/L. Production of olefins in the bioreactor was induced when the culture attained an OD₆₀₀ of 30 AU (approximately 8-9 hours following inoculation) by the addition of a 1M IPTG stock solution to a final concentration of 1 mM. The temperature of the fermentation was also lowered at induction to 30° C. The bioreactor was harvested approximately 48 hours following induction.

After 48 hours, the fermentation cultures were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 20 minutes (Allegra X-15R Centrifuge with rotor SX-4750A, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.). The cell pellet was resuspended in 50 mL of sterile distilled water. 100 mL of methanol was added to the sample which was then sonicated in a sonicating water bath for 60 minutes. The mixture was transferred to a 1 L separation funnel where n-hexane was added to a final volume to 750 mL. The sample was mixed well by mild shaking after which the mixture sat to separate the hexane layer from the aqueous layer. Once the bilayer formed the lower aqueous layer was siphoned out of the separation funnel. Na₂SO₄ was added to the remaining organic layer to remove any excess H₂O in the organic phase. The organic layer was then filtered two times through a Whatman #4 150 mm filter without applying a vacuum. The twice filtered organic phase was transferred into a round-bottom flask connected to a distillation column. Hexane and acetone were removed by distillation with the temperature set at 56° C. followed by 66-68° C. The remaining sample was black in color. To further purify the sample, the sample was filtered through a 200 mL silica gel 60 (particle size 0.063-0,300 mm, 70-230 mesh ASTM) column. The sample was removed from the column by elution with hexane. The hexane was removed from the olefin containing eluant by a rotary evaporator at ambient temperature. Magnesol D-sol (Dallas Group of American, Inc) was used in the final purification process. The sample was resuspended in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to a final volume of 8 mL. Magnesol was added to the sample in a 10:1 ratio of magnesol vs. sample (w/v). The sample-magnesol mixture was mixed for 1 hour at 37° C. on a rotary shaker. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 μm PTFE filter into a 20 mL scintillation vial. The remaining solid was washed with 2.5 mL MTBE. The wash and filtered mixture weie combined in a scintillation vial. The MTBE was evaporated in the chemical fume hood at ambient temperature.

¹⁴C was determined by AMS at Beta Analytic, Inc., using the ASTM D6866 method B. The biologically based carbon content was obtained by deriving the ratio of ¹⁴C in the sample to that of a modern reference standard. The ratio is reported as a percentage with the units ‘pMC’ (percent modern carbon).

The modern reference standard used in radiocarbon dating is a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standard with a known radiocarbon content equivalent to approximately the year AD 1950. AD 1950 was chosen since it represents a time prior to thermo-nuclear weapons testing which introduced large amounts of excess ¹⁴C into the atmosphere with each test (the excess ¹⁴C is known as “bomb carbon”). For an archaeologist or geologist using ¹⁴C dates, AD 1950 equals “zero years old”. This also represents 100 pMC. “Bomb carbon” in the atmosphere reached almost twice the normal level in 1963 at the peak of thermo-nuclear weapons. Its distribution within the atmosphere has been approximated since its appearance, showing values that are greater than 100 pMC for plants and animals living since AD 1950. It has gradually decreased over time with today's value being near 107.5 pMC. This means that a fresh biomass material, such as corn, would give a ¹⁴C signature near 107.5 pMC. Petroleum based compounds will have a pMC value of zero. Combining fossil carbon with present day carbon will result in a dilution of the present day pMC content. By presuming 107.5 pMC represents the ¹⁴C content of present day biomass materials and 0 pMC represents the ¹⁴C content of petroleum based products, the measured pMC value for that material will reflect the proportions of the two component types. For example, a material derived 100% from present day soybeans would give a radiocarbon signature near 107.5 pMC. If that material was diluted 50% with petroleum based products, it would give a radiocarbon signature of approximately 54 pMC.

A biologically based carbon content is derived by assigning 100% equal to 107.5 pMC and 0% equal to 0 pMC. For example, a sample measuring 99 pMC will give an equivalent biologically based carbon content of 93%. This value is referred to as the mean biologically based carbon result and assumes all the components within the analyzed material originated either from present day biological material or petroleum based material.

The stable carbon isotope ratio (¹³C/¹²C) in a given biologically derived material is a consequence of the ¹³C/¹²C ratio in atmospheric carbon dioxide at the time the carbon dioxide is fixed. It also reflects the precise metabolic pathway of the plant fixing carbon dioxide. The ¹³C/¹²C ratio is expressed normally as δ¹³C which is calculated as follows:

δ¹³ C(%)=[(¹³ C/ ¹² C)_(sample)˜(¹³ C/ ¹² C)_(standard)]/(¹³ C/ ¹² C)_(standard)×1000

The δ¹³C of petroleum and C₄ plants (maize, sorghum, etc.) have a similar range (from −7 to −13 ppt), while ¹³C/¹²C of C₃ plants (wheat, oats, rice, etc.) falls in a range from −19 to −27 ppt (see, e.g., Stuiver et al., supra, and Gupta, et al., Radiocarbon dating practices at ANU. Handbook, Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra (1985)). The difference of the δ¹³C value for C₄ and C₃ plants is due to the different photosynthetic cycle of each plant.

The values of pMC and δ¹³C of the biologically based olefin product and the petroleum based 9-tricosene are listed in Table 29.

TABLE 29 pMC δ¹³C (‰) Mean biobased content, % Olefin product 94.2 ± 0.4  −12.3 88 Cis-9-tricosene 0 ± 0 −30.5 0

Based on the ¹⁴C results, the biologically based olefin produced by E. coli of has a carbon content which is at least 88% derived from biologically based carbon. It is possible that the residual MTBE, a petroleum based product used during purification, lowered the content of biologically based carbon in the olefin sample. Moreover, the δ¹³C value of the biologically based olefin product provides additional evidence that the olefin product, and the carbon contained therein, is primarily derived from a biological source.

The results of the experiments reflected in this example demonstrates that biologically based hydrocarbons are distinguishable from petroleum based hydrocarbons. In particular, this example demonstrates that olefins produced by organisms, such as E. coli expressing the oleA, ole, oleC, and oleD genes, can be distinguished from petroleum based olefins.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Throughout the specification, a reference may be made using an abbreviated gene name or polypeptide name, but it is understood that such an abbreviated gene or polypeptide name represents the genus of genes or polypeptides. Such gene names include all genes encoding the same polypeptide and homologous polypeptides having the same physiological function. Polypeptide names include all polypeptides that have the same activity (e.g., that catalyze the same fundamental chemical reaction).

The accession numbers referenced herein are derived from the NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information) maintained by the National Institute of Health, U.S.A. The accession numbers are as provided in the database on Apr. 15, 2007.

EC numbers are established by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) (available at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/). The EC numbers referenced herein are derived from the KEGG Ligand database, maintained by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics, sponsored in part by the University of Tokyo. The EC numbers are as provided in the database as of April, 2007.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 

1. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of no more than 1500 amino acid residues comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133.
 2. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide, wherein each of the first and second polypeptides is no more than 1500 amino acid residues, and wherein each of the first and second polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133.
 3. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a third polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides is no more than 1500 amino acid residues, and wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs; 64-74 and 91-133.
 4. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a third polypeptide, and a fourth polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides is no more than 1500 amino acid residues, and wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133.
 5. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (b) a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gin, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 6. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO.: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 7. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 8. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:
 10. 9. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 10. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO:
 22. 11. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 12. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 13. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising a homolog of SEQ ID NO:
 10. 14. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO;
 88. 15. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO:
 22. 16. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gin; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met.
 17. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met.
 18. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 10 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met.
 19. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to lie, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met.
 20. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Ttp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to He, Leu, or Met.
 21. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 22. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 23. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 24. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide, wherein each of the first and second polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (b) a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gin, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 25. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a third polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, and third polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (b) a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gin, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Vat; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Ser to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 26. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a third polypeptide, and a fourth polypeptide, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (b) a homolog of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88; (c) a conservative variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO: 88 comprising one or more conserved amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ala to Cys, Gly, or Ser; Arg to Ile, Lys, Met, or Orn; Asn to Asp, Gln, Glu, or His; Asp to Asn, Gln, or Glu; Cys to Met, Ser, or Thr; Gln to Asn, Asp, or Glu; Glu to Asn, Asp, or, Gln; Gly to Acp, Ala, or Pro; His to Asn or Gln; Ile to Leu, Met, or Val; Leu to Ile, Met, or Val; Lys to Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Met or Orn; Met to Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val; Phe to His, L-Dopa, Leu, Met, Thr, Trp, Tyr, 3-phenylproline, 4-phenylproline, or 5-phenylproline; Pro to L-1-thioazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or D- or L-1-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; Set to Cys, Met, or Thr; Thr to Met, Ser, or Val; Trp to Tyr; Tyr to L-Dopa, His, or Phe; and Val to Ile, Leu, or Met; and (d) a sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, and SEQ ID NO:
 88. 27. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-26, wherein the polypeptide has no more than 1000 amino acid residues.
 28. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-27, wherein the polypeptide has no more than 800 amino acid residues.
 29. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-28, wherein the polypeptide has no more than 600 amino acid residues.
 30. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-29, wherein the polypeptide has at least about 100 amino acid residues.
 31. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 30, wherein the polypeptide has at least about 200 amino acid residues.
 32. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 31, wherein the polypeptide has at least about 250 amino acid residues.
 33. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-32, wherein the nucleic acid is isolated from a bacterium, a plant, an insect, a yeast, a fungus, an algae, or an animal.
 34. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-33, wherein the nucleic acid is isolated from a bacterium.
 35. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-34, wherein the bacterium is of a genus selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter, Arthrobacter, Bdellovibrio, Blastopirellula, Brevibacterium, Burkholderia, Candidatus, Chloroflexus, Clavibacter, Clostridium, Colwellia, Congregibacter, Desulfatibacillum, Desulfococcus, Desulfotalea, Desulfuromonas, Flavobacteriales, Gemmata Geobacter, Hahella, Jannaschia, Kineococcus, Lentisphaera, Maricaulis, Marinobacterr, Micrococcus, Microscilla, Moritella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Opitutaceae, Opitutus, Paenibacillus, Pelobacter, Photobacterium, Photorhabdus, Planctomyces, Plesiocystis, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychromonas, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Rhodopirellula, Roseovarius, Shewanella, Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Xanthomonas, and Xylella.
 36. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-35, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum A, Clostridium botulinum A3, Clostridium botulinum B1, Clostridium botulinum Bf, Clostridium botulinum F, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfibacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Plavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp. GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens, Shewanella amazonensis, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halifaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa.
 37. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 38. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-37, further comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide.
 39. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 38, wherein the promoter is an inducible promoter, a constitutive promoter, or a cell-specific promoter.
 40. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 39, wherein the promoter is a T7 promoter, a PxylA promoter, a Pgrac promoter, a GAL1 promoter, a GAL10 promoter, or a pTrc promoter.
 41. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-40, further comprising at least one additional nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a regulatory sequence operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; (b) a selection marker operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; (c) a purification moiety operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; (d) a secretion sequence operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide; and (e) a targeting sequence operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide.
 42. The isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-40, further comprising a selection marker operatively coupled to the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, wherein the selection marker is ampicillin/carbenicillin resistance, kanamycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, erythromycin resistance, streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance, or a histidine auxotrophic selectable marker gene.
 43. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-42.
 44. The vector of claim 43, wherein the vector is a plasmid.
 45. The vector of claim 43, wherein the plasmid is pET21b(+), pCOLADuet-1, pCDFDuet-1, pWH1520, pHT01, pESC-HIS, pET-21d(+), pETDuet-1, pACYCDuet-1, pTrcHis2A, pMAL-c2X, or pCL1920pTrc.
 46. A cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-42 or the vector of any of claims 43-45.
 47. A cell transformed with an isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 1-42.
 48. A cell transfected with a vector of any of claims 43-45.
 49. The cell of any of claims 46-48, wherein the cell is a yeast cell, a fungal cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a bacterial cell, an algae cell, or a plant cell.
 50. The cell of claim 49, wherein the cell is a bacterial cell.
 51. The cell of claim 49, wherein the cell is selected from the genus Escherichia, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Neurospora, Fusarium, Humicola, Rhizomucor, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Mucor, Myceliophtora, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Pleurotus, Trametes, Chrysosporium, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Stenotrophamonas, Kineococcus, Yarrowia, or Streptomyces.
 52. The cell of claim 51, wherein the cell is a Bacillus lentus cell, a Bacillus brevis cell, a Bacillus stearothermophilus cell, a Bacillus licheniformis cell, a Bacillus alkalophilus cell, a Bacillus coagulans cell, a Bacillus circulans cell, a Bacillus pumilis cell, a Bacillus thuringiensis cell, a Bacillus clausii cell, a Bacillus megaterium cell, a Bacillus subtilis cell, or a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cell.
 53. The cell of claim 51, wherein the cell is a Trichoderma koningii cell, a Trichoderma viride cell, a Trichoderma reesei cell, a Trichoderma longibrachiatum cell, an Aspergillus awamori cell, an Aspergillus fumigates cell, an Aspergillus foetidus cell, an Aspergillus nidulans cell, an Aspergillus niger cell, an Aspergillus oryzae cell, a Humicola insolens cell, a Humicola lanuginaose cell, a Rhizomucor miehei cell, or a Mucor michei cell.
 54. The cell of claim 51, wherein the cell is a Streptomyces lividans cell or a Streptomyces murinus cell.
 55. The cell of claim 50, wherein the cell is an Actinomycetes cell.
 56. The cell of claim 51, wherein the cell is an Escherichia coli cell.
 57. The cell of claim 56, wherein the Escherichia coli cell is a strain B, a strain C, a strain K, or a strain W Escherichia coli cell.
 58. The cell of claim 49, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia cell, a Kineococcus radiotolerans cell, a Bacillus megaterium cell, and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 59. The cell of claim 50, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum A, Clostridium botulinum A3, Clostridium botulinum B1, Clostridium botulinum Bf, Clostridium botulinum F, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp. GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens, Shewanella amazonensis, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halifaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa.
 60. The cell of claim 49, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of CHO cell, a COS cell, a VERO cell, a BHK cell, a HeLa cell, a Cv1 cell, an MDCK cell, a 293 cell, a 3T3 cell, and a PC12 cell.
 61. The cell of any of claims 46-60, wherein the cell comprises an alteration in a gene involved in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.
 62. The cell of claim 61, wherein the cell comprises a deletion in a gene encoding an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
 63. The cell of claim 61, wherein the cell comprises a mutation in a gene encoding acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
 64. The cell of claim 61, wherein the cell comprises a deletion in a gene encoding a thioesterase.
 65. The cell of claim 61, wherein the cell comprises a mutation in a gene encoding a thioesterase.
 66. The cell of any of claims 46-65, wherein the cell additionally comprises an acyl-CoA synthase.
 67. The cell of any of claims 46-66, wherein the cell additionally comprises a thioesterase.
 68. The cell of any of claims 46-67, wherein the cell produces a hydrocarbon.
 69. The cell of claim 68, wherein the hydrocarbon is an olefin.
 70. The cell of claim 68, wherein the hydrocarbon is secreted by the cell.
 71. The cell of any of claims 46-67, wherein the cell produces an aliphatic ketone.
 72. A cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid of any of claims 7, 12, or
 17. 73. The cell of claim 72, wherein the cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 74. A method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising culturing the cell of any of claims 46-70 with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce a hydrocarbon.
 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the substrate is a carbon source, a fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, acyl-ACP, α-alkyl-β-keto acid, α-alkyl-β-keto ester, or an aliphatic ketone.
 76. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 3 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 77. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 5 mg/I/OD₆₀₀.
 78. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 8 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 79. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 15 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 80. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 20 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 81. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 30 mg/L/OD₆₀₀₀.
 82. The method of any of claims 74-81, further comprising isolating a hydrocarbon.
 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the hydrocarbon is isolated from the cell.
 84. The method of claim 82, wherein the hydrocarbon is isolated from the medium in which the cell is cultured.
 85. The method of any of claims 74-84, further comprising cracking or refining the hydrocarbon.
 86. The method of any of claims 74-85, wherein the hydrocarbon has a carbon chain length of about 10 to about 40 carbons.
 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the hydrocarbon has a carbon chain length of about 17 to about 34 carbons.
 88. The method of any of claims 74-87, wherein the hydrocarbon is mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated.
 89. A method for producing an aliphatic ketone comprising culturing the cell of any of claims 46-67 or 71-73 with a substrate under conditions sufficient to produce an aliphatic ketone.
 90. The method of claim 89, wherein the substrate is a carbon source, a fatty acid, acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, or acyl-ACP.
 91. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 0.1 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 92. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 1 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 93. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 3 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 94. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 6 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 95. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 9 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 96. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein the productivity of the cell is at least about 12 mg/L/OD₆₀₀.
 97. The method of any of claims 89-96, further comprising isolating an aliphatic ketone.
 98. The method of claim 97, wherein the aliphatic ketone is isolated from the cell.
 99. The method of claim 97, wherein the aliphatic ketone is isolated from the medium in which the cell is cultured.
 100. The method of any of claims 89-99, wherein the aliphatic ketone has a carbon chain length of about 10 to about 40 carbons.
 101. The method of claim 100, wherein the aliphatic ketone has a carbon chain length of about 19 to about 31 carbons.
 102. The method of any of claims 89-101, wherein the aliphatic ketone is saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated.
 103. A method for producing a purified polypeptide comprising culturing the cell of any of claims 46-73 under conditions sufficient to produce the polypeptide encoded by the isolated nucleic acid.
 104. The method of claim 103, wherein the polypeptide is OleA, OleB, OleC, OleD, or OleBC.
 105. A method for producing an aliphatic ketone comprising incubating a substrate with OleA under conditions sufficient for producing an aliphatic ketone.
 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the substrate comprises acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, or acyl-ACP.
 107. A method for producing a hydrocarbon comprising incubating a substrate with OleA, OleB, OleC, OleBC, OleD, or a combination thereof under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon.
 108. The method of claim 107, comprising incubating a substrate with OleA and OleD under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon.
 109. The method of claim 107, comprising incubating a substrate with OleA, OleC, and OleD under conditions sufficient for producing a hydrocarbon.
 110. The method of claim 108 or 109, further comprising OleB.
 111. The method of any of claims 107-110, wherein the substrate comprises acyl-CoA, acyl-AMP, or acyl-ACP.
 112. A method for producing biofuels comprising the method of any of claims 74-102 and 105-110.
 113. The method of claim 112, wherein the biofuel is a gasoline, biodiesel, or jet fuel.
 114. A hydrocarbon produced by the method of any of claims 74-88 and 107-110.
 115. A hydrocarbon, wherein the hydrocarbon has a δ¹³C of about −28 or greater.
 116. The hydrocarbon of claim 15, wherein the hydrocarbon has a δ¹³C of about −27 to about −24.
 117. The hydrocarbon of claim 115, wherein the hydrocarbon has a δ¹³C of about −15 to about −5 or greater.
 118. The hydrocarbon of claim 117, wherein the hydrocarbon has a δ¹³C of about −30 to about −15.
 119. A hydrocarbon, wherein the hydrocarbon has a pMC of at least about
 50. 120. The hydrocarbon of claim 119, wherein the hydrocarbon has a pMC of at least about
 80. 121. The hydrocarbon of claim 119, wherein the hydrocarbon has a pMC of at least about
 90. 122. The hydrocarbon of claim 121, wherein the olefin has a pMC of at least about
 92. 123. The hydrocarbon of claim 122, wherein the hydrocarbon has a pMC of about 50 to about
 100. 124. The hydrocarbon of any of claims 114-123, wherein the hydrocarbon is an olefin.
 125. The hydrocarbon of claim 124, wherein the olefin is mono-unsaturated.
 126. The hydrocarbon of claim 124, wherein the olefin is poly-unsaturated.
 127. The hydrocarbon of claim 124, wherein the olefin is di-unsaturated.
 128. The hydrocarbon of claim 124, wherein the olefin is tri-unsaturated.
 129. The hydrocarbon of any of claims 124-128, wherein the olefin has a carbon chain length of between about 10 to about 40 carbons.
 130. The hydrocarbon of claim 129, wherein the olefin has a carbon chain length of between about 19 to about 33 carbons.
 131. The hydrocarbon of any of claims 114-130, wherein the hydrocarbon is a straight chain hydrocarbon.
 132. The hydrocarbon of any of claims 114-130, wherein the hydrocarbon is a branched chain hydrocarbon
 133. The hydrocarbon of any of claims 114-130, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises a cyclic moiety.
 134. A biofuel comprising the hydrocarbon of any of claims 114-133.
 135. The biofuel of claim 134, wherein the biofuel is a gasoline, biodiesel, or jet fuel.
 136. The biofuel of claim 134 or 135, wherein the biofuel is derived from a carbon source.
 137. The biofuel of claim 136, wherein the carbon source is a renewable energy source.
 138. The biofuel of claim 137, wherein the renewable energy source is a biomass.
 139. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.
 140. The isolated polypeptide of claim 139, wherein the polypeptide has Claisen condensation activity.
 141. The isolated polypeptide of claim 140, wherein the polypeptide catalyzes the condensation of two acylthioesters.
 141. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.
 142. The isolated polypeptide of claim 141, wherein the polypeptide has oxidoreductase activity.
 143. The isolated polypeptide of claim 142, wherein the polypeptide catalyzes the reduction of a ketone.
 144. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having the same biological activity as a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO:
 22. 145. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 144, wherein the isolated nucleic acid comprises; (i) a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 21 or a fragment thereof; or (ii) a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes to a complement of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 21 or to a fragment thereof.
 146. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 144 or 145, wherein the biological activity is Claisen condensation activity.
 147. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 144 or 145, wherein the biological activity is the condensation of two acylthioesters.
 148. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 144 or 145, wherein the biological activity is oxidoreductase activity.
 149. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 144 or 145, wherein the biological activity is reduction of a ketone.
 150. A genetically engineered organism comprising an exogenous nucleic acid sequence stably incorporated into the genome of an organism upstream of a genomic nucleic acid sequence that (a) has at least about 35% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO: 87 and (b) encodes a polypeptide.
 151. The genetically engineered organism of claim 150, wherein the genomic nucleic acid sequence has at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 152. The genetically engineered organism of claim 151, wherein the genomic nucleic acid sequence has at least 90% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 153. The genetically engineered organism of claim 152, wherein the genomic nucleic acid sequence has at least 95% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 154. The genetically engineered organism of claim 153, wherein the the genomic nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 155. The organism of any of claims 150-154, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum A, Clostridium botulinum A3, Clostridium botulinum B1, Clostridium botulinum Bf, Clostridium botulinum F, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp. GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens, Shewanella amazonensis, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halifaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa.
 156. The genetically engineered organism of any of claims 150-155, wherein the exogenous nucleic acid sequence increases the expression of the polypeptide encoded by the genomic nucleic acid sequence relative to the expression of the same polypeptide in the organism prior to the incorporation of the exogenous nucleic acid sequence under the same conditions.
 157. The genetically engineered organism of any of claims 150-156, wherein the organism produces an increased amount of a hydrocarbon relative to the production of a hydrocarbon in a wild-type organism under the same conditions.
 158. A method for identifying an enzyme useful for the production of hydrocarbons comprising: transforming a cell comprising polypeptides selected from the group consisting of (a) OleA and OleD, (b) OleA and OleC, and (c) OleC and OleD with a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme suspected of having the ability to produce hydrocarbons; and determining whether the cell produces hydrocarbons, wherein the existence of hydrocarbon production by the cell indicates that the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide useful for the production of hydrocarbons.
 159. The method of claim 158, wherein the OleA shares at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, or SEQ ID NO: 18; wherein the OleC shares at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 88; and wherein the OleD shares at least about 35% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO:
 22. 160. The method of claim 158, wherein the OleA shares at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, or SEQ ID NO: 18; wherein the OleC shares at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 88; and wherein the OleD shares at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO:
 22. 161. The method of claim 158, wherein the OleA shares at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 12, or SEQ ID NO: 18; wherein the OleC shares at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 88; and wherein the OleD shares at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO; 8, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO:
 22. 162. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, and SEQ ID NO: 88, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions, or deletions.
 163. The isolated polypeptide of claim 162, wherein the polypeptide has adenylating activity.
 164. A genetically engineered organism prepared by (a) providing an organism having a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 35% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO: 87 and (b) deleting or mutating the nucleic acid sequence.
 165. The genetically engineered organism of claim 164, wherein the organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 166. The genetically engineered organism of claim 165, wherein the organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 90% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 167. The genetically engineered organism of claim 166, wherein the organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 95% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 168. The genetically engineered organism of claim 167, wherein the organism is prepared by deleting or mutating a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, and SEQ ID NO:
 87. 169. The organism of any of claims 164-168, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, Arthrobacter aurescens, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter sp. FB24, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Blastopirellula marina, Brevibacterium linens, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia oklahomensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia sp. 383, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Chloroflexus aggregans, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp, michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Clostridium botulinum A, Clostridium botulinum A3, Clostridium botulinum B1, Clostridium botulinum Bf, Clostridium botulinum F, Clostridium botulinum, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Congregibacter litoralis, Desulfibacillum alkenivorans, Desulfococcus oleovorans, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sp. FRC-32, Geobacter uraniumreducens, Hahella chejuensis, Jannaschia sp. CCS1, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Lentisphaera araneosa, Maricaulis maris, Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter aquaeolei, Micrococcus luteus, Microscilla marina, Moritella sp. PE36, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp, paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium sp. GP1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium vanbaalenii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Nocardia farcinica, Opitutaceae bacterium, Opitutus terrae, Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, Pelobacter propionicus, Photobacterium profundum, Photobacterium profundum, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii, Planctomyces maris, Plesiocystis pacifica, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Psychromonas ingrahamii, Psychromonas sp. CNPT3, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus sp., Rhodopirellula baltica, Roseovarius nubinhibens, Shewanella amazonensis, Shewanella baltica, Shewanella benthica, Shewanella denitrificans, Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella halifaxensis, Shewanella loihica, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella pealeana, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella sediminis, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. MR-7, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, Shewanella woodyi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces ambofaciens, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa.
 170. The genetically engineered organism of any of claims 164-169, wherein the deletion or mutation of the nucleic acid sequence in the organism results in a decreased production of a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence relative to the production of the same polypeptide in the organism prior to deletion or mutation of the nucleic acid sequence under the same conditions.
 171. The genetically engineered organism of any of claims 164-170, wherein the genetically engineered organism produces ketones. 